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350 SHE Framework medium. Second we use scenarios that enable to show adequate abstractions that are relevant for specific experts. So, the first problem is how to form a set of MFDs that is acceptable as initial model. The Message Flow Diagram in Figure 11.11 is a scenario for accept(PI) Product_ Input_ Handler productArrived Transporter_ Image schedule (PIKeeperId, InitialPosition) wakeAt(Position,Id)/ wakeup(Id) currentPosition (InitialPosition) productArrived move(Speed) Transporter encoderPuls free(PIKeeperI) store(PIKeeperId,PI) Service_ Scheduler wakeAt(Position,Id)/ wakeup(Id) Product_ Info_ Keeper handOver(PIKeeperId,InitialPosition) stop,start retrieve(PIKeeperId)/take(PI) Figure 11.11: Message Flow Diagram Feeder_Station Feeder_Controller Product_ Output_ Handler accept(PI) a module of the system that is modelled as case study in this thesis. Such a diagram is part of a hierarchy of models. It shows terminators, images, process objects, nested clusters and various sorts of flows, names and flow annotations. So modelling requires that we find all these sorts of entities and that we determine the sort of communication that they perform. By playing imaginary scenarios we must determine who needs who in what order. In this subsection we give an impression on how various concepts of the method are used to obtain adequate MFDs. (To keep this subsection readable we often write objects when we mean objects and/or clusters.) 11.4.5.2 General Heuristics It is our intention to offer an intuitive way of modelling. This is necessary to exploit the human capability of considering a lot of aspects (pseudo-)simultaneously. The creative power of the designer must be supported by the method and not be hindered. Therefore
11.4 Essential Specification Modelling 351 we do not recommend a strict top-down approach, nor a bottom up approach. We propose to start in the middle by modelling the objects that represent the essence of the system. One or more conceptual approaches that model the essential functionality of the system must be evaluated. Useful heuristics for essential modelling can be found in [WM85]. Important heuristics that we take from them are outside-in modelling, minimum interface modelling, and various heuristics for grouping. We also follow their guideline of leaving interface technology out of an essential model. Objects in a problem domain are mapped into a model. External objects that are modelled as terminators can also be ’mirrored’ into the system as so-called images. In practice a considerable number of modelling attempts is necessary before we can find a model that is worthwhile to be completed. 11.4.5.3 Finding Objects Objects are found as entities, things or concepts in the problem domain. A first approach is looking at nouns in the Initial Requirements Description. [R 91] gives a useful list of guidelines for finding objects for OMT. The method OMT focuses on object class models. We can use the guidelines for finding objects for MFDs as well as for finding classes in Object Class Diagrams. Easily found are in general so-called real-world objects. They are found by studying the existing environment of a system to be designed. We defined image objects and artefact objects. Artefact objects model the conceptual technical solution that is usually incorporated in a reactive system. The modelling of objects requires experience and mature judgement. Entities in the problem domain are candidate objects. They may become attributes, data objects, process objects or clusters. A problem domain consists in general of entities on various levels of abstraction. A collection of data and operations can be enclosed in a domain boundary. Domain boundaries are modelled as clusters or process objects. Data is modelled as data objects or attributes that refer to data objects. Whether an entity becomes a cluster, a process object, a data object or an attribute requires careful consideration. Process objects are not just entities that perform functions. Objects should be balanced entities that are worthwhile to become autonomous things that encapsulate properties and perform behaviour. The balance between appropriate functionality and the right abstraction of properties can only be found if various aspects and properties of alternatives are considered. Once MFDs emerge it is useful to start making Object Class Diagrams. Besides the messages already found in MFDs, attributes must be written in the object classes. The aspect of reuse should be considered. Objects must be defined as generic as possible. Other objects may be designed as controllers that are less reusable. By defining controllers other objects can be constructed more generic. Notice also that conceptual non-tangible
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Specification of Reactive Hardware/
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to Leny, Inge and our parents
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Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Intro
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CONTENTS ix 4.6.5 Aggregate Semanti
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CONTENTS xi 6 Modelling of Concurre
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CONTENTS xiii 6.6.7.2 System Specif
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CONTENTS xv 11.4.2.3 Requirements C
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List of Figures 1.1 Chapter Overvie
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LIST OF FIGURES xix 6.16 Strongly D
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectiv
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1.1 Objectives 3 understood and sti
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1.1 Objectives 5 Informal and Forma
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 7 Chapter 1
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1.2 Thesis Organisation 9 Recommend
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Chapter 2 On Specification of React
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2.3 Specifications, Models and View
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 23 entirety.
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2.5 Modelling Concepts 25 Tradition
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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2.7 Summary 31 offer many guideline
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Chapter 3 Concepts for Analysis, Sp
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3.3 Concepts 35 3. creation of a sy
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3.5 Combining Compatible Concepts 3
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 39 3.
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 41 Th
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 43 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 45 ac
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 47 wa
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 49 Ge
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3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 51 Re
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3.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 4 Abstraction of a Problem
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4.1 Introduction 57 earlier phase t
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4.2 Objects 59 An object can mean t
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4.2 Objects 61 wonder what other ob
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4.3 Classes 63 A message interface
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4.3 Classes 65 Class B Attributes M
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4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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4.5 Clusters 79 flows. Clusters ena
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4.6 Aggregates 81 Therefore a compl
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4.6 Aggregates 83 4.6.4 Clustered A
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4.6 Aggregates 85 An old philosophi
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4.7 Identity and Object Identifiers
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4.8 Properties of Composites 89 for
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4.8 Properties of Composites 91 com
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4.8 Properties of Composites 93 Whe
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4.8 Properties of Composites 95 In
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4.9 Channel Hiding 97 Servant A Sup
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4.11 Composites and Hierarchies 99
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4.12 Object Variety 101 Part class
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4.13 Object Class Models 103 Anothe
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4.13 Object Class Models 105 of obj
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 107 c
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 109 4
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.17 Summary 115 Accidental Propert
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Chapter 5 Concepts for the Integrat
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5.2 Architecture 119 Requirements D
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5.3 Design Philosophy 121 this. The
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.6 Architecture and Implementation
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5.7 Views 129 Management £ £ £ P
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5.7 Views 131 Behaviour Behaviour U
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5.8 Boundaries 133 5.8 Boundaries 5
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5.8 Boundaries 135 x x Object A y z
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5.8 Boundaries 137 x w w x Object A
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5.8 Boundaries 139 In Chapter 10 we
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5.9 Transformations 141 The modific
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5.10 Formalisation 143 Level 1 Leve
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5.11 Summary 145 Behaviour Requirem
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Chapter 6 Modelling of Concurrent R
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6.2 Concurrency and Synchronisation
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6.3 Communication 157 between proce
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6.3 Communication 159 or to transfo
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6.3 Communication 161 6.3.3.4 Messa
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6.3 Communication 163 Synchronous m
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6.3 Communication 165 channel-name
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6.3 Communication 167 can be descri
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6.3 Communication 169 statement aft
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6.3 Communication 171 (normalCourse
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6.3 Communication 173 ∞ client re
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6.3 Communication 175 There is a gr
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6.3 Communication 177 process A pro
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6.3 Communication 179 Clocks An int
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6.3 Communication 181 whether the s
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6.3 Communication 183 6.3.9.4 Model
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6.3 Communication 185 6.3.10.2 Desc
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6.4 Distribution 187 force to take
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6.4 Distribution 189 is that the in
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6.4 Distribution 191 links to each
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6.4 Distribution 193 6.4.6 Distribu
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6.5 Scenarios 195 entities. This su
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6.5 Scenarios 197 startJob readyToA
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6.5 Scenarios 199 collection of tex
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 201 selection
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 203 processes
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 205 even for
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 207 with the
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 209 6.6.4 Sep
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 211 6.6.5 Mod
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 213 to pay at
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 215 A method
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 217 to happen
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 219 c a Multi
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 221 but not t
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 223 claimed
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 225 in the
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6.8 Summary 227 They can graphicall
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Chapter 7 Introduction to the Seman
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7.2 A Brief Language Characterisati
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7.3 The Role of Semantics 233 7.3 T
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 235
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 237
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7.5 Concluding Remarks 239 0 ¡ Bin
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Chapter 8 Data Part of POOSL Chapte
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8.3 Formal Syntax 243 runk, and cun
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8.4 Context Conditions 245 Further,
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 247 T
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 249 w
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 251 s
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 253
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 255
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8.7 Example: Complex Numbers 257 is
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8.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 9 Process Part of POOSL Cha
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9.3 Formal Syntax 263 In almost any
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9.3 Formal Syntax 265 The fourth st
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9.3 Formal Syntax 267 call of the f
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9.4 Context Conditions 269 We are n
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9.5 A Computational Interleaving Se
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9.6 Example: A Simple Handshake Pro
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 291 is
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 293 da
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 295 e
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 297 Em
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Page 351 and 352: 10.8 Summary 331 are transformation
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Page 355 and 356: 11.2 SHE Context and Phases 335 Inf
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Page 361 and 362: 11.3 SHE Framework 341 the system.
Page 363 and 364: 11.4 Essential Specification Modell
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 401 Feeder
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Chapter 13 Conclusions and Future W
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.4 Related Results 409 The notion
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Appendix A The POOSL Transition Sys
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A.1 The Data Part of POOSL 413 (12)
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 415 A
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 417 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 419 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 421 i
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Appendix B Proofs of Propositions a
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Proofs of Propositions and Transfor
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Appendix C Glossary of Symbols This
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Glossary of Symbols 437 267 Cp ¥¡
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References [AB90] P. America and F.
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REFERENCES 441 [C [C [C 86] B. Cohe
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REFERENCES 443 [Her90] A.J.H. Herbe
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REFERENCES 445 [MV93] S. Mauw and G
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REFERENCES 447 [vE89] P. van Eijk.
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Index abort, 297 abstract action so
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INDEX 451 strong, 190, 293 subsyste
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INDEX 453 delay, 178 do-statement,
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Summary This combined thesis descri
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Samenvatting Dit gecombineerde proe
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Curricula Vitae Piet van der Putten
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