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22 On Specification of Reactive Hardware/Software Systems an alternative implementation during design. One of the biggest problems in actual design in industries is time pressure. Finding optimum solutions is not the key issue when a good solution can be found. 2.5 Modelling Concepts Reactive Hardware/Software Systems In this thesis we address the problem of specifying complex reactive hardware/software systems. Reactive systems are systems that persistently communicate with their environment [MP92]. They perform very complex behaviour and are often based on communicating processes that operate in parallel. Communications take various forms such as synchronous, asynchronous, continuous and interrupt-driven. Interrupts are highpriority messages that interfere or abort the current course of behaviour. Modern reactive systems further perform complex operations on intricate data structures. Operations and communications have to satisfy stringent timing requirements. Reactive systems are often considered to be software running on a single embedded processor. Reactive hardware/software systems, on the other hand, are implemented by a mix of hardware and software components. In addition to the constraints of general reactive systems, they have to satisfy stringent architectural constraints that impose physical distribution, physical topology and hardware/software partitioning. In this thesis we will restrict ourselves to discrete systems. These systems have a discrete state-space and they perform state transitions at discrete points in time. Next to discrete systems, there exists an interesting class of systems whose state can vary continuously. The study of these, so-called continous systems, is beyond the scope of this thesis. An interesting approach towards the modelling of discrete as well as continuous systems is found in [vBGR]. Modelling Concepts and Primitives A specification method must offer adequate modelling concepts that allow designers to reason about the system to be designed. For reactive hardware/software systems these concepts include behaviour, communication, message, interrupt, architecture, topology, etcetera. To reason about these concepts, a method has to offer adequate modelling primitives that allow their representation. These modelling primitives are the basic building blocks from which models of a specification are composed. Modelling of complex reactive hardware/software systems requires dedicated modelling concepts. To express these concepts, supporting specification languages require appropriate modelling primitives. Process Objects The concurrent communication and functional behaviour of a complex reactive system is often so complicated that it is quite impossible to understand it or model it in its
2.5 Modelling Concepts 23 entirety. Therefore behaviour should be distributed over modules whose behaviour can be understood without having to understand the environment they are placed in. This requires modules to be self-contained, autonomous, relatively independent, and weakly coupled entities. We will call these entities process objects, or processes in short. Processes exist in their own right, have their own responsibilities, and they have their own activities to perform. This is highly desirable since it enables processes to be reused in contexts other than the one for which they were originally devised. Reuse is achieved by organising objects into classes. A class is a template from which objects are instantiated. Behaviour models should be built from process objects. Process objects are concurrent, self-contained, autonomous, relatively independent and weakly coupled entities. Process objects have to be grouped into classes. Channels and Clusters A very important characteristic of hardware/software systems is structure. Physical or spatial distribution, physical topology, hardware/software partitioning and software layering are all examples of phenomena that impose structure. The modelling of topology requires that processes can be structured in a network of channels. The other forms of structure require the possibility to group processes into higher-order entities, called clusters. A cluster acts as an hierarchical abstraction of its internals. Hierarchy is an important concept that helps to manage complexity. To enhance modularity and reuse, clusters should be organised into classes. Processes should be connected by channels. It must be possible to group processes into clusters. Clusters have to be organised into classes. Message Passing Processes (and clusters) are relatively independent and they can perform their activities concurrently and at their own speed. Despite of their autonomy, processes will frequently have to exchange information. To make the coupling between processes (and clusters) as weak as possible, information exchange should be based upon message passing. The essential feature of message passing is that information is exchanged by means of an intermediate artefact, called a message. The purpose of a message is to reduce the coupling between the message senders and the message receivers. To exchange information, the sender and the receiver only have to share the format and the general semantics of a message. They do not have to know anything about each other’s internals, i.e. about private data. The internals of a process are said to be encapsulated by a strong encapsulation boundary. The only way for other processes to access these internals is through a clear-cut message interface.
Page 1 and 2: Specification of Reactive Hardware/
Page 3: to Leny, Inge and our parents
Page 7 and 8: Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Intro
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS ix 4.6.5 Aggregate Semanti
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS xi 6 Modelling of Concurre
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS xiii 6.6.7.2 System Specif
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS xv 11.4.2.3 Requirements C
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures 1.1 Chapter Overvie
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF FIGURES xix 6.16 Strongly D
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectiv
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 Objectives 3 understood and sti
Page 25 and 26: 1.1 Objectives 5 Informal and Forma
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Thesis Organisation 7 Chapter 1
Page 29 and 30: 1.2 Thesis Organisation 9 Recommend
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 On Specification of React
Page 33 and 34: 2.3 Specifications, Models and View
Page 39 and 40: 2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
Page 41: 2.4 Specification Languages, Formal
Page 45 and 46: 2.5 Modelling Concepts 25 Tradition
Page 47 and 48: 2.6 Activity Frameworks for Specifi
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Page 51 and 52: 2.7 Summary 31 offer many guideline
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 3 Concepts for Analysis, Sp
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 Concepts 35 3. creation of a sy
Page 57 and 58: 3.5 Combining Compatible Concepts 3
Page 59 and 60: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 39 3.
Page 61 and 62: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 41 Th
Page 63 and 64: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 43 ac
Page 65 and 66: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 45 ac
Page 67 and 68: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 47 wa
Page 69 and 70: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 49 Ge
Page 71 and 72: 3.6 Practical Use of Concepts 51 Re
Page 73 and 74: 3.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 4 Abstraction of a Problem
Page 77 and 78: 4.1 Introduction 57 earlier phase t
Page 79 and 80: 4.2 Objects 59 An object can mean t
Page 81 and 82: 4.2 Objects 61 wonder what other ob
Page 83 and 84: 4.3 Classes 63 A message interface
Page 85 and 86: 4.3 Classes 65 Class B Attributes M
Page 87 and 88: 4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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4.4 Data Objects and Process Object
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4.5 Clusters 79 flows. Clusters ena
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4.6 Aggregates 81 Therefore a compl
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4.6 Aggregates 83 4.6.4 Clustered A
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4.6 Aggregates 85 An old philosophi
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4.7 Identity and Object Identifiers
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4.8 Properties of Composites 89 for
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4.8 Properties of Composites 91 com
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4.8 Properties of Composites 93 Whe
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4.8 Properties of Composites 95 In
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4.9 Channel Hiding 97 Servant A Sup
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4.11 Composites and Hierarchies 99
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4.12 Object Variety 101 Part class
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4.13 Object Class Models 103 Anothe
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4.13 Object Class Models 105 of obj
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 107 c
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4.14 Attributes and Variables 109 4
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.15 Operations, Services, Methods
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4.17 Summary 115 Accidental Propert
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Chapter 5 Concepts for the Integrat
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5.2 Architecture 119 Requirements D
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5.3 Design Philosophy 121 this. The
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.4 Essential Model and Extended Mo
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5.6 Architecture and Implementation
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5.7 Views 129 Management £ £ £ P
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5.7 Views 131 Behaviour Behaviour U
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5.8 Boundaries 133 5.8 Boundaries 5
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5.8 Boundaries 135 x x Object A y z
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5.8 Boundaries 137 x w w x Object A
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5.8 Boundaries 139 In Chapter 10 we
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5.9 Transformations 141 The modific
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5.10 Formalisation 143 Level 1 Leve
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5.11 Summary 145 Behaviour Requirem
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Chapter 6 Modelling of Concurrent R
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6.2 Concurrency and Synchronisation
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6.3 Communication 157 between proce
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6.3 Communication 159 or to transfo
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6.3 Communication 161 6.3.3.4 Messa
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6.3 Communication 163 Synchronous m
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6.3 Communication 165 channel-name
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6.3 Communication 167 can be descri
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6.3 Communication 169 statement aft
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6.3 Communication 171 (normalCourse
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6.3 Communication 173 ∞ client re
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6.3 Communication 175 There is a gr
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6.3 Communication 177 process A pro
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6.3 Communication 179 Clocks An int
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6.3 Communication 181 whether the s
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6.3 Communication 183 6.3.9.4 Model
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6.3 Communication 185 6.3.10.2 Desc
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6.4 Distribution 187 force to take
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6.4 Distribution 189 is that the in
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6.4 Distribution 191 links to each
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6.4 Distribution 193 6.4.6 Distribu
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6.5 Scenarios 195 entities. This su
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6.5 Scenarios 197 startJob readyToA
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6.5 Scenarios 199 collection of tex
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 201 selection
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 203 processes
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 205 even for
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 207 with the
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 209 6.6.4 Sep
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 211 6.6.5 Mod
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 213 to pay at
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 215 A method
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 217 to happen
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 219 c a Multi
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6.6 Dynamic Behaviour 221 but not t
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 223 claimed
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6.7 Real-Time Modelling 225 in the
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6.8 Summary 227 They can graphicall
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Chapter 7 Introduction to the Seman
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7.2 A Brief Language Characterisati
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7.3 The Role of Semantics 233 7.3 T
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 235
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7.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 237
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7.5 Concluding Remarks 239 0 ¡ Bin
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Chapter 8 Data Part of POOSL Chapte
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8.3 Formal Syntax 243 runk, and cun
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8.4 Context Conditions 245 Further,
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 247 T
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 249 w
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8.5 A Computational Semantics 251 s
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 253
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8.6 Primitive deepCopy Messages 255
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8.7 Example: Complex Numbers 257 is
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8.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks
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Chapter 9 Process Part of POOSL Cha
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9.3 Formal Syntax 263 In almost any
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9.3 Formal Syntax 265 The fourth st
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9.3 Formal Syntax 267 call of the f
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9.4 Context Conditions 269 We are n
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9.5 A Computational Interleaving Se
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9.6 Example: A Simple Handshake Pro
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 291 is
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 293 da
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 295 e
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 297 Em
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9.7 The Development of POOSL 299 (o
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9.8 Summary 301 To prepare the deve
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Chapter 10 Behaviour-Preserving Tra
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.2 Instance Structure Diagrams 30
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10.3 Some Properties of Transformat
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10.4 A System of Basic Transformati
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10.5 Example: The Elevator Problem
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.7 On the Fundamental Limitations
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10.8 Summary 331 are transformation
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Chapter 11 SHE Framework Chapter 1
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 335 Inf
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 337 a p
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11.2 SHE Context and Phases 339 11.
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11.3 SHE Framework 341 the system.
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11.4 Essential Specification Modell
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11.5 Extended Specification Modelli
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Chapter 12 Case Study Chapter 1 Cha
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12.2 Initial Requirements Descripti
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12.3 The Essential Specification 37
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12.4 Towards an Extended Specificat
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 399 i1 DIST
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12.5 Concluding Remarks 401 Feeder
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Chapter 13 Conclusions and Future W
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.2 P.H.A. van der Putten’s Cont
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13.4 Related Results 409 The notion
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Appendix A The POOSL Transition Sys
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A.1 The Data Part of POOSL 413 (12)
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 415 A
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 417 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 419 (
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A.2 The Process Part of POOSL 421 i
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Appendix B Proofs of Propositions a
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Proofs of Propositions and Transfor
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Appendix C Glossary of Symbols This
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Glossary of Symbols 437 267 Cp ¥¡
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References [AB90] P. America and F.
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REFERENCES 441 [C [C [C 86] B. Cohe
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REFERENCES 443 [Her90] A.J.H. Herbe
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REFERENCES 445 [MV93] S. Mauw and G
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REFERENCES 447 [vE89] P. van Eijk.
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Index abort, 297 abstract action so
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INDEX 451 strong, 190, 293 subsyste
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INDEX 453 delay, 178 do-statement,
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Summary This combined thesis descri
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Samenvatting Dit gecombineerde proe
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Curricula Vitae Piet van der Putten
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