(PESIA) Weg naar Zee 2D Seismic - Staatsolie

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P-all consultants Staatsolie Maatschappij Suriname N.V. PESIA Weg naar Zee 2D Seismic 2012 Legend of the Weg naar Zee vegetation map Mapping unit Overview of the vegetation types found in the surroundings of the Paramaribo-Wanica study area 1 Mudflats Young coastal mangrove forest dominated by Black Mangrove (ST: Parwa; 2 SC: Avicennia germinans) Closed to open mature coastal mangrove forest dominated by Black 3 Mangrove (ST: Parwa; SC: Avicennia germinans) Dying coastal forest : Black Mangrove (ST: Parwa; SC: Avicennia 4 germinans) 5 Salt /Brackish water lagoon (ST/SD: Pan) 6 Salt / Brackish water swamp dominated by short grass and ferns Brackish water swamp dominated by long grass such as Cat Tails (ST: 7 Payagrasi of Langagrasi or Kunsuwiwiri; SC: Typha domingensis) Thorny vine scrub, dominated by (ST: Brantimaka, SC: Machaerium 8 lunatum) 9 Freshwater swamp with herbaceous vegetation and swamp scrub Swamp wood dominated by Blood Wood (ST: Watrabebe; SC: Pterocarpus officinalis), locally swamp wood characterized by Swamp Plumb (SD: 10 Zwamppruim; SN: Chrysobalanus icaco) and Swamp Soursop (ST: Swampusunsaka; SD: Zwampzuurzak; SC: Annona glabra) 11 Coastal ridge wood on narrow ridges in brackish to fresh water areas Ridge forest in freshwater areas, usually heavily damaged by former litter 12 fires C Build up areas, farmland and abandoned fields Vegetation and peat fires. ST=Sranan Tongo Name; SC= Scientific Name; SD=Surinamese-Dutch Name Since early times, during every dry season, many "grass" swamps are burned intentionally, a common practice to keep such areas accessible for men and to keep them attractive for certain game species such as deer. Grass fires may also start unintentionally when in grassy swamp areas the vegetation along roadsides and/or on polder dams is burned as a form of weed control. Grass fires may also start when the vegetation of adjacent areas is slashed and burned for (re)cultivation purposes. Also campfires may lead to grass fires. Burning of the vegetation in the study area is a common practice, as a result of the continuous extension of Paramaribo and the agriculture areas in the more rural sections. Burning is done to get rid of the woody vegetation, thus lowering the costs of future land reclamation (construction of drainage canals and fish holes, establishment of agriculture areas and housing projects). 48
P-all consultants Staatsolie Maatschappij Suriname N.V. PESIA Weg naar Zee 2D Seismic 2012 If rains fail to fall during the Short Rainy season, the Long Dry season, normally ending in mid- November, is extended up to late April and thus the dry weather lasts for 8 months, up to the next Long Rainy season that starts in May. For Suriname, such extremely long dry periods were reported for 1745/46, 1767/68, 1797/98, 1845/46, 1898/99, 1911/12, 1925/26, 1939/40, and 1963/64 (Bubberman, 1973). During such extremely long dry periods the swamps dry up, their peaty top layer may desiccate completely and the above mentioned vegetation fires may become peat fires. Although it is said that peat fires may be self-generated by lightning or bacterial heating, there are strong indications that most fires, if not all, are human-induced (Bubberman, 1973). Once peat layers are burning, it is virtually impossible to extinguish the fire. Only the rains of the next Long Rainy season will stop such peat fires. Vegetation changes Local grass and peat fires, vegetation succession and hydrological changes mainly cause the patchy vegetation pattern visible in most freshwater wetlands in Suriname, including the Eastern Wayambo Swamp. Differences in soil conditions often play a secondary role. Goods and services from the vegetation The vegetation types of the Eastern Wayambo Swamp are rather common all over the coastal zone of Suriname. With a regular flow of clean fresh water from the Wayambo Swamp towards the coast, the (brackish) mangrove forest is able to flourish. Where this flow is obstructed by artificial works like dams, the mangrove to the north of these dams may deteriorate. Such is the case north of the Brantimakaweg. Peat layers and fresh water swamp forest store rainwater in the Long Rainy season and deliver fresh water to the coastal mangrove until far in the Long Dry season. At a national level, the mangrove vegetation along the coast contributes to the many goods and services the estuarine zone has to offer (Werkgroep Estuariene Kuststrook, 1976). Mangrove forest has the capacity to stimulate coastal accretion, to reduce coastal erosion and to contribute to a high biological production of coastal fish and shrimp (Teunissen, 2003). Next to this, the vegetation provides food and shelter to fish and wildlife. Therefore special attention was given to the mangrove vegetation. In the field, except for the mangrove north of the Brantimakaweg, no notable changes have been observed compared to the map of the 2007/2008 PEIA study of Noordam and Teunissen. 4.3.2 FLORA Flora is defined as a list of plant species found in a certain area, in this case the Eastern Wayambo Swamp. Also here there is little reason to assume that the plant species composition of the vegetation in the eastern swamp will be different from the species composition of the vegetation of the better-known western swamp. 49
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(PESIA) Weg naar Zee 2D Seismic - Staatsolie

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