the lion of the russian army - Florida State University

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On 6 August, Bagration’s central battery bombarded the French positions for most of the day and widened the breach in the walls. Bagration informed Suvorov of his success and the field marshal arrived to supervise the assault. He prepared two columns of 300 men each to storm the fortress the next morning. 56 Observing the Russian preparations, the French commandant decided to spare his troops so he surrendered at 10:00 p.m. 57 . By 6:00 a.m. on 7 August, Bagration’s troops occupied the fortress and captured 6 officers, 180 rank-and-file, 15 guns and considerable supplies of ammunition. 58 The capture of Serravalle gave the Allies access to the upper Scrivia River and secured the left flank of the army for the future operations. In his report to Emperor Paul, Suvorov praised Bagration’s action at Serravalle, calling him “ingenious” and “admirable” general. 59 Bagration’s service was fully appreciated by Paul and he was awarded diamond signs of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. 60 The French, meanwhile, made several excursions towards Arquata in order to relieve the French garrison of Serravalle. On 8 August, a French detachment marched from the direction of Gavi hoping to reinforce Serravalle. The French learnt about the surrender of the fortress on the march, but still decided to attack Bagration’s positions. In a brief engagement in the night, Bagration’s grenadiers repulsed all their attacks. However, the next day, another strong French detachment broke through the Allied screen and assaulted Suvorov’s headquarters at Novi. Grand Duke Constantine personally commanded the troops in the fighting and drove the French back. 56 Disposition for Assault, 6 August 1799, Ibid., 37. 57 Artillery Journal of Expedition on Serravalle, 42. 58 The Russian casualties were 1 killed and 9 wounded, while the French lost 25 killed and 10 wounded. Suvorov freed the captured French officers out for respect to their courageous defense of the fort. Bagration to Suvorov, 6 August 1799, Bagration’s Journal, 38-39. No. 110; Suvorov to Paul I, Suvorov to Archduke Charles, Suvorov to Klenau, Suvorov to Voinovich, 8-11 August 1799, A.V. Suvorov: Documents, IV, 246-47; Miliutin, Campaign of 1799, III, 21, 293. For detailed list of captured ammunition, see Artillery Journal of Expedition on Serravalle, 42-43. 59 Suvorov to Paul I, 8 August 1799, A.V. Suvorov: Documents, IV, 246. 60 Miliutin, Campaign of 1799, III, 293 109
Map 9. Siege of Serravalle 1 - Line of Communication to the batteries 2 - Artillery depot 3 - Two 6-pounder gun battery 4 - Four 10-pounder licornes battery 5 - One 12-pounder gun battery 6 - Trench between the batteries 7 - Road to Main Battery 8 - Main Battery of five 12-pounder guns 9 - Two 6-pounder battery 10 - Patrols 11 - Reserves a - gates b - courtyard c - gun powder magazines d - well e - barracks f - donjon g - city wall h - breach i - road from the fortress to town 110
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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the Russian archives. Robert Goetz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Prince Pet
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30. Combat on the Northern Flank, f
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FOREWARD I faced several difficulti
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ABSTRACT This study explores the li
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participants of the 1812 Campaign.
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with a strong emphasis on the 1812
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Figure 1. Prince Peter Bagration in
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suppressed the main line of Bagrati
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Meantime, the Turks invaded Eastern
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another letter to Catherine asking
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Bagration’s enlistment in army is
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According to the record of Service,
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As he returned from the campaign, B
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not have hoped for a great career.
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more interested in Prussian and Aus
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The French mobilized up to 388,441
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General Suvorov joined the troops o
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campaigns they both served and kind
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expected to join the main forces. 3
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Map 1. Allied Movement from Mincio
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special decree recognizing the effo
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total, the French had some 28,000 m
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shouting, ‘Soldiers of Ismail, ar
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Bagration’s actions at Lecco. 78
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Map 3. Actions at Vaprio and Cassan
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and urged the destruction of the Fr
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was to occupy the fortress, if poss
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an ineffective handling of reconnai
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the Scrivia. He also moved Molchano
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eceived reinforcements and felt so
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order arrived. Suvorov wrote, “I
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Piedmont threatened the French supp
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eported that “Molchanov surrounde
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Although battle at Marengo was not
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This period showed a major weakness
Page 79 and 80: 384 cannon, 20,000 muskets and vast
Page 81 and 82: At the same time, Bagration occupie
Page 83 and 84: Figure 3. Bagration as the advance
Page 85 and 86: general turns individually to the H
Page 87 and 88: from France to the Riviera. 14 Inte
Page 89 and 90: Suvorov was determined to leave a s
Page 91 and 92: The Allies first crossed the Bormid
Page 93 and 94: Map 6. Campaign of the Tidone and T
Page 95 and 96: Map 7. First Day of Trebbia, 18 Jun
Page 97 and 98: across the Tidone and then turned n
Page 99 and 100: Map 7. First Day of Trebbia Campaig
Page 101 and 102: ordered to arrange divisions of the
Page 103 and 104: Bagration also described Suvorov’
Page 105 and 106: at Rivalta and made flanking maneuv
Page 107 and 108: Although Suvorov later reported tha
Page 109 and 110: French did not gain a step of groun
Page 111 and 112: Vasilievich arrived, [bringing] a b
Page 113 and 114: By 6:00 p.m., the Allies regained t
Page 115 and 116: Map 6. Campaign on the Tidone and T
Page 117 and 118: The battle on the Trebbia was one o
Page 119 and 120: CHAPTER IV Against Joubert Battle o
Page 121 and 122: withdrawn his forces to Novi, reinf
Page 123 and 124: Kray in besieging Mantua and Suvoro
Page 125 and 126: lines. 33 Meantime, Suvorov, despit
Page 127 and 128: protected one of the valleys that l
Page 129: a brief clash with the French. 49 S
Page 133 and 134: upper Orba and Scrivia. 67 Joubert
Page 135 and 136: Map 10. Joubert’s Offensive 114
Page 137 and 138: Map 11. Massing of Forces at Novi 1
Page 139 and 140: Kray silently approached the French
Page 141 and 142: However, Suvorov’s actions also i
Page 143 and 144: Novi, but then reached the stonewal
Page 145 and 146: counterattack and recaptured it. 10
Page 147 and 148: Map 12. Battle at Novi, 15 August 1
Page 149 and 150: The next morning, Suvorov intended
Page 151 and 152: Novi was a major victory for Prince
Page 153 and 154: effectively removed the Russians fr
Page 155 and 156: The major flaw of this plan lay in
Page 157 and 158: I kept my word and arrived here on
Page 159 and 160: Map 13. Suvorov’s Assault on the
Page 161 and 162: to allow the flanking columns to le
Page 163 and 164: killed and wounded 45 Bagration rep
Page 165 and 166: Map 14. From the St. Gothard to Ams
Page 167 and 168: the Reuss River, a remarkable feat
Page 169 and 170: local commanders about Suvorov’s
Page 171 and 172: Furious over what he regarded as Au
Page 173 and 174: etreated toward Germany, leaving be
Page 175 and 176: the bravery and self-sacrifice of m
Page 177 and 178: General Auffenberg’s troops (2,00
Page 179 and 180: In a fierce engagement, Bagration p
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movement and moved the Bagration J
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Early afternoon on 1 October Bagrat
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French. 117 But the main assault on
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The main Russian forces assembled a
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the battlefield. Prince Peter order
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etreated and lost three guns to Mol
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Map 19. Passage of the Panixer Pass
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the council of war of 18 October, h
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In early November, the Russian army
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Swiss Campaigns. Suvorov praised hi
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CHAPTER VI Life in St. Petersburg a
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[Suvorov] very weak… he lapsed in
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launch three new ships at the Admir
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Tsarskoe Selo, which reminded him o
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occasion chastised him for neglecti
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had dark; she was beautiful like an
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Figure 6. “Pink Pavilion” - Bag
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Bagration’s wife: Princess Ekater
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saw Catherine’s daughter, who car
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Isabey painted her rose-crowned and
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Alexander was very apprehensive for
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CHAPTER VII “Five Against Thirty
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alleged participation in the assass
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Hanover, and another 20,000 men und
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the column and attached the infirma
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obstacles we confront, we shall ove
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Bagration was at Wischau; the next
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To Kutuzov’s surprise, he soon re
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Map 22. Ulm Campaign, 6 October 180
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de Dieu Soult, Louis-Nicolas Davout
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marched under cold rain and snow. B
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Napoleon commanded 150,000 men agai
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Map 23. Pursuit to Vienna, 26 Octob
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tenacity and were saved by the time
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Miloradovich in case the French thr
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watching for an unlikely appearance
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Napoleon arrived at the front on 11
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prepare for another march. Bagratio
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Kutuzov were furious at Nostitz’s
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Once within sight of Schöngrabern,
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Napoleon received the word of the a
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against Major General Selikhov’s
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Bagration’s detachment made a gre
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The news of Bagration’s escape ca
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While Bagration fought at Schograbe
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his columns and reinforced Bagratio
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execution. To preserve the main bod
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deployed some 30,000 men of Murat
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However, Alexander and Francis disr
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Map 27. Allied Advance from Olmutz
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27 November at Proedlitz. The next
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However, Bagration found his forces
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advance in complete ignorance of th
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. Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 D
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men to the battlefield. These troop
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ordinary battle. I prefer to abando
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Map 29. Napoleon’s and Allied Pla
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forces, which were supposed to coop
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holding the French was on the right
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on the north side of the road with
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Map 30. Combat on the Northern Flan
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tide of success. 120 The Russian ca
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6 th Jagers at Holubitz before disl
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finally secured Holubitz and Kruh a
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Czeitsch and then abandoned the tow
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Austerlitz was a masterpiece of Nap
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cavalry was also badly mauled, loos
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idolized a character. He was dresse
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over Alexander. 191 Bagration’s a
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Guard Jager Battalion and began pre
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CHAPTER IX In the Blizzards of Pola
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etreating northward, Napoleon was a
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The Russian army advanced on 6 Janu
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By this time, Marshal Michel Ney ad
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January. 27 Next day, he reached Li
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Meantime, the Russian headquarters
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the main forces. 47 These actions,
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Map 34. Region Between Deutsch Eyla
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Napoleon was delighted by the news
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organization of the retreat. Yermol
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forces in pursuit of the Russians.
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Murat made another series of attack
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Simultaneously, the French corps we
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In the evening of 6 February, Benni
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One of the participants left a vivi
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About one mile in front of Eylau, B
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However, the initial attack in the
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Many French officers, including Gen
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he could not defend his positions a
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still managed to capture eagle of t
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Map 38. Battle of Eylau, 8 February
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Baptiste Milhaud covered both Frenc
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cannon or musket fire neither in th
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Serpallen. 192 The French would hav
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Page 377 and 378:
where he placed strong batteries to
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In addition, thousands of the soldi
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Gross Lauth and approached village
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under command of Ataman Platov. 237
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eloved be everyone and admired by a
Page 387 and 388:
Map 39. Friedland Campaign, 15 Marc
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advance guards on the Lower Passarg
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In April, strong reinforcements joi
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to attack Soult’s corps and preve
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At around 3:00 a.m. on 5 June, Bagr
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from the woods on the left flank. B
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Ney reconnoitered Bagration’s pos
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Ney made several stands on his marc
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As he made his stand on the banks o
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the failure of the maneuver at Gutt
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etreated without engaging. The Fren
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The Cossacks attacked but in a sava
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The Cossacks under Major General Pa
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moved by forced marches to Heilsber
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Bennigsen was unaware of the direct
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Map 43. Battle of Heilsberg, 10 Jun
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foot before receiving a horse from
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which friends and foes had during t
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Map 44. Friedland Campaign, 10-13 J
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Napoleon’s army as it marched to
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idges were constructed and addition
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Late in night on 13 June, Marshal L
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illusion of the arriving reinforcem
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Mortier’s corps also arrived on t
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withdrew his exhausted jagers allow
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The advancing French came under mur
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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imagined. Friends became foes to ea
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Map 46. Friedland Campaign, 14-19 J
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perhaps more terrible than the firs
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Friedland, where they found themsel
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Ingermanland) and part of Finland.
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along the coastline and twice he vi
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at Tavastheus (Hämeenlinna). One o
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A strong garrison of some 7,000 men
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efore the Swedes retreated to Tavas
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The fighting continued for over fou
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strong advance guard under Major Ge
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Map 47. Military Operations in Finl
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and to dispatch remaining forces 58
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entire coastline from Vaasa to Åbo
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The loss of the Åland Islands stun
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ubles for travel expenses from the
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on the southeast shore of Gulf of B
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Gustavus IV was further exasperated
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disorderly flight.” 106 General B
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for the expedition. 116 Knorring th
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one rubles is in fact worth 28 kope
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Map 50. Aland Islands 466
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The weather favored the Russians. I
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detachment, capturing nine guns and
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19 March, Kulnev prepared his troop
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Map 51. Military Operations in Spri
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frozen Kvarken, 166 reached the vic
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The Russian army was ordered to re-
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Åland Islands already became a leg
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CHAPTER XII Campaign in the Danube
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Map 52. Danubian Principalities in
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Turks, who felt betrayed by the Fre
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looking for a younger and more vigo
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further deteriorated. He died at 5:
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August, Bagration dispatched Ataman
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Around 6:00 a.m. on 28 August, Bagr
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Russian army now could take up posi
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Bagration provided his troops with
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Bagration concluded that Hozrev Meh
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the road from Constant, some ten mi
Page 523 and 524:
Map 53. Battle of Rassevat, 16 Sept
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Turkish cavalry, 96 while Denisov
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Bagration was elated with this deci
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advance against Langeron. Therefore
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majesty’s wish though the quick a
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the troops to repulse the enemy sor
Page 535 and 536:
The letters demonstrated Bagration
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CHAPTER XIII Conclusion of Bagratio
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conditions. 12 However, Bagration r
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Thus, Bagration was unable to conce
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To Bagration’s surprise, on 5 Oct
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additional forage. 34 Bagration was
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On 19 October, the Turkish army und
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dispatched Belorussian Hussars and
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killed and wounded, 200 captured wi
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Simultaneously, the Grand Vizier wi
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infantry battalions, and ordered hi
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campaign here, surrounded by the de
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the Danube can prevent these maneuv
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direct order from Alexander. 91 His
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partially destroyed during previous
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Turkish cavalry as “the best cava
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eceived from the Turkish reports of
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Bagration compared his situation wi
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sick to 150-200 men a day.” 126 B
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ideas at the councils and therefore
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army would spread confusion. He bel
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discontent after Kamensky’s very
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efused to allow Prince Peter to ret
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commander-in-chief, Bagration reali
Page 583 and 584:
Prince Peter then turned to Major G
Page 585 and 586:
Isaev with two infantry regiments o
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spilling the blood of their innocen
Page 589 and 590:
However, neither of these powers wa
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to sign a cease fire and negotiate
Page 593 and 594:
The planning for the join operation
Page 595 and 596:
On 2 March 1810, Prince Peter gave
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compatriots in Bosnia and Albania.
Page 599 and 600:
expenses. 68 Bagration criticized A
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harbors to any British ships. Furth
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Bagration, “You must persuade [th
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In addition to his involvement in t
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was in love with Philipescu’s dau
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In late January 1810, Bagration per
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devastating the region through thei
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Divans of Wallachia and Moldavia to
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and corrupt persons; so he had to c
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CHAPTER XV Defending the Western Fr
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lands. However, General Gardane rem
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impossible to return all of the lan
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The showdown of two great powers wa
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The major issue of contention betwe
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Napoleon was well aware of the diff
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Napoleon’s strategy was simple an
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suggested by the Minister of War Mi
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was assembled along a 50-mile front
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Map 56. Russian Campaign, 23 June 1
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characteristic timidity and indecis
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successes would “raise the high s
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campaign. Russia was ready to comme
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more aware of the political affairs
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to a new area at Volkovysk and its
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Another order of Barclay de Tolly t
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they were deployed too close to the
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Map 58. Russian Deployment on 23 Ju
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your objectives…since the politic
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only from the 1 st Western Army, bu
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was completed. From the initial 49,
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armies. It gave the 2 nd Western Ar
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CHAPTER XVI The Retreat and First S
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direct route to Minsk from Vilna, a
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2 nd Western Army marched another t
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Map 59. Retreat to Slonim 649
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two columns. 26 He also anticipated
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Soldiers cut the tree brunches and
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July and then advance towards Voloz
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Bagration halted the crossing to th
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None of these plans were implemente
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The next day, the Cossacks crossed
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drilled and equipped troops, Jérô
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Tell him [Jérôme] that it would b
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To raise morale among the disconten
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Bagration, which described in gener
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The 2 nd Western Army bivouacked fo
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To aid the lancers, General Turno o
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As he received Platov’s report ab
Page 695 and 696:
Ivanovich Platov not only delighted
Page 697 and 698:
Alexander criticized the movement o
Page 699 and 700:
I am not to blame for anything. Fir
Page 701 and 702:
By 12 July, the rearguard arrived a
Page 703 and 704:
Beresina and at 10:00 a.m. on 12 Ju
Page 705 and 706:
day. “If they [French] would not
Page 707 and 708:
Platov intended to meet and detain
Page 709 and 710:
The French suffered considerable lo
Page 711 and 712:
Figure 12. Prince Peter Bagration i
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Map 66. Retreat to Moghilev 696
Page 715 and 716:
Barclay de Tolly and the 1 st Weste
Page 717 and 718:
Simultaneously, the Russian advance
Page 719 and 720:
Vorontsov will arrive by night. I u
Page 721 and 722:
At the same time, Davout began his
Page 723 and 724:
Map 68. Battle of Saltanovka, 23 Ju
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inflicted heavy casualties. A Frenc
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The Russians acknowledged 2,548 kil
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Russians with his weakened army. 54
Page 731 and 732:
Map 60. Bagration’s Operations in
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troops to prepare crossings over th
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of Napoléon and save his army from
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Figure 13. Chapel on the battlefiel
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a fierce battle on 25-27 July at Os
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In the meantime, Ataman Platov join
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this feeling, based only on antipat
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[Bagration], as no other commanders
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Thus, the Russian senior officers g
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Bagration is often portrayed as rec
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informed about my movement to Smole
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Bagration, had tremendous effect on
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Indeed, the Quartermaster-General o
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victory on his breaking through the
Page 759 and 760:
Figures 15. Bagration’s Comrades
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urged the expediency of acting on t
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Only prompt and decisive actions co
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Lyadi with a strong detachment and
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Though we know that the enemy troop
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emained idle on the Porechye route
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Bagration also emphasized the criti
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enemy forces against you [in the di
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Map 69. Operations at Smolensk, 8-2
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The French 48 attacked before after
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campaigns, was well aware of this.
Page 781 and 782:
August General Rayevsky had 10,000
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Smolensk to give a battle and this
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Map 70. Battle of Smolensk, 17 Augu
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the two armies were not united, dec
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important crossroad at Lubino was l
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Meantime, Ney and Murat were engage
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On 24 August the 1 st and 2 nd West
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of the Russian generals, including
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stronger. 120 He stressed the Frenc
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complain. The army has not the leas
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almost eliminated. No one could mor
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the rank-and-file. The fact that he
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example of subordination, concealed
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for “this is not an ordinary war,
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the Russian rear guard. 12 General
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inaccurate in describing events and
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Shaped like a pentagon and some six
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Many officers criticized Kutuzov’
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Baggevout’s 2 nd Corps and Genera
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left wing was tangibly weak in comp
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attle and the actual number of the
Page 823 and 824:
There was no hesitation on either s
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he, too, fell - this was the twenty
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Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
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immediately launched a frontal coun
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On the northern flank, Eugene’s f
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Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 835 and 836:
e moved back before order could be
Page 837 and 838:
evening the French were in possessi
Page 839 and 840:
In the midst of battle, Bagration w
Page 841 and 842:
dramatically deteriorated. Being un
Page 843 and 844:
eased the pain. His mood changed fr
Page 845 and 846:
army. 144 Bagration unquestionably
Page 847 and 848:
CONCLUSION The God of the Army - Ba
Page 849 and 850:
Figure 19. Monument to Peter Bagrat
Page 851 and 852:
of emotions in Bagration. Napoleon
Page 853 and 854:
Highly gifted by nature, with “a
Page 855 and 856:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Rossi
Page 857 and 858:
delo 3161 - Deistvia russkikh v kam
Page 859 and 860:
Al’tshuller R, Borodino: Dokument
Page 861 and 862:
Butovsky, I., Feldmarshal kniaz Kut
Page 863 and 864:
-----------------, Mémoires et cor
Page 865 and 866:
“Iz donesenii Bavarskago poverenn
Page 867 and 868:
‘Materiali iz istorii Suvorova’
Page 869 and 870:
Rossia i Shvetsia: dokumenti i mate
Page 871 and 872:
Yermolov, Aleksey, Zapiski A.P. Erm
Page 873 and 874:
Björlin, Gustaf. Finska Kriget 180
Page 875 and 876:
Deminski I., Pokhod Napoleona v Ros
Page 877 and 878:
Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexande
Page 879 and 880:
Lettow-Vorbeck, Oscar von, Der krie
Page 881 and 882:
Nakashidze, Nodar. Borodinos gmiri
Page 883 and 884:
Polikarpov, N. 1799-1899. Bagration
Page 885 and 886:
Six, Georges, Dictionnaire biograph
Page 887 and 888:
Volodin, P. O roli i chislenosti Mo
Page 889 and 890:
Dubrovin, Nikolay, “Russkaya zhiz
Page 891 and 892:
Sandelius, Walter, “Dictatorship
Page 893 and 894:
ANNEX Annex 1 - Song in Honor of Pr
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major 8 December 1793 Premier major
Page 897:
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Mikaberidze, Al
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