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subordination 13 so his troops were always distinguished by their discipline and high moral. Victories brought him glory and love of the rank and file. To serve under Bagration’s command was considered a great honor and many young nobles endeavored to be appointed to his units. The soldiers admired his leadership, informal attitude and exceptional bravery, calling him “the Eagle”. He was a magnetic personality, who could animate his men do the impossible. Bagration was respected by the foes as well. During his service, Prince Peter fought in every war against France and engaged almost every prominent French commander and marshal on the battlefield. In 1799, he fought against Macdonald, Moreau and Masséna. In 1805, he successfully opposed Lannes, Murat, Soult and Suchet. Two years later, he met Ney at Guttstadt and St. Cyr at Heilsberg. In 1812, Prince Peter eluded the enveloping maneuvers by Davout and Poniatowski. 14 During his three decades in service, Bagration succeeded at every level of the command. He commanded a squadron in the Poland in 1794, led advance and rear guards during 1799, 1805 and 1807 campaigns, was in charge of a corps in Sweden in 1808- 1809 and served as commander-in-chief of the army against the Turks in 1809-1810 and the French in 1812. Bagration was at his best commanding advance and rearguards; in 1807, he proved he was one of the best tactical commanders in Europe. Prince Peter probably made his most important contribution during the 1812 Campaign. Lacking sufficient information on the current Russian strategy, he was committed to a preventive strike against the French. Nevertheless, facing the Grand Army, he recognized the weakness of his plans and the necessity of retreat. Bagration’s decision to withdraw on his own initiative was of a vital importance for the survival of the Russian armies. His adroit escape from Napoleon’s entrapment before Moghilev, his concentration with the 1 st Western Army at Smolensk and a heroic defense of the fléches at Borodino, ensured the survival of the Russian army and the ultimate success of the homeland defense. 13 Correspondence of Bagration, 160, 183. 14 Yermolov, Memoirs, 160. 837
Highly gifted by nature, with “a shrewd and flexible mind,” 15 Prince Peter Bagration was a proponent of Suvorov’s principles of tactics and strategy. While the outdated Prussian strategy often dominated the Russian military, Bagration opposed it and attempted to introduce new tactical insights into the army. He introduced new “Manual for Infantry Officers on the Day of Battle” to the 2 nd Western Army in July 1812 that was inspired by these principles. 16 Bagration always pursued aggressive tactics, preferring offensive warfare to defensive. Suvorov admired Bagration’s skills and effectively exploited them during the Italian Campaign of 1799. Bagration’s legacy survived in many forms and places. His spirit of aggressive attack seemed to come alive as the Soviet Red Army launched a massive offensive codenamed “Operation Bagration” in Byelorussia on 22 June 1944. Five weeks later, the Nazi army was crushed and the Red Army was at the gates of Warsaw. 17 Numerous streets and subway stations were named after him throughout Russia, Georgia and Byelorussia. A tiny asteroid “Bagration” (No. 3127) shines on nightly sky, while seamount “Bagration” in the South Atlantic still ‘guards’ Napoleon’s shadow on the St. Helena. The City of Preussisch Eylau in Poland, that witnessed Bagration’s exploits in one of bloodiest battles of the century, still bears his name, Bagrationovsk. Probably, the greatest recommendation for Bagration and his abilities is that Napoleon, the greatest man of his time, considered Prince Peter the finest general of the Russian army. 18 15 Ibid., 150. 16 P. Simakovsky, “Dva nastavlenia” [Two Manuals], Russkii Invalid, 1912, No. 176. 17 The Wehrmacht's Army Group Centre was routed, some 17 Wehrmacht divisions were destroyed and over 50 other German divisions were shattered. It was one of the most calamitous defeats of the German armed forces in World War II, costing the Wehrmacht more men and material than the cataclysm at Stalingrad. 18 Napoléon to Alexander Balashov, 30 June 1812, Vilna. Balashov’s Notes on the Meeting with the Emperor Napoleon, Dubrovin, Patriotic War in Letters of Contemporaries, 31; Thiers, Consulate and the Empire, VIII, 26. 838
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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the Russian archives. Robert Goetz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Prince Pet
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30. Combat on the Northern Flank, f
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FOREWARD I faced several difficulti
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ABSTRACT This study explores the li
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participants of the 1812 Campaign.
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with a strong emphasis on the 1812
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Figure 1. Prince Peter Bagration in
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suppressed the main line of Bagrati
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Meantime, the Turks invaded Eastern
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another letter to Catherine asking
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Bagration’s enlistment in army is
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According to the record of Service,
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As he returned from the campaign, B
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not have hoped for a great career.
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more interested in Prussian and Aus
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The French mobilized up to 388,441
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General Suvorov joined the troops o
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campaigns they both served and kind
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expected to join the main forces. 3
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Map 1. Allied Movement from Mincio
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special decree recognizing the effo
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total, the French had some 28,000 m
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shouting, ‘Soldiers of Ismail, ar
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Bagration’s actions at Lecco. 78
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Map 3. Actions at Vaprio and Cassan
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and urged the destruction of the Fr
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was to occupy the fortress, if poss
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an ineffective handling of reconnai
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the Scrivia. He also moved Molchano
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eceived reinforcements and felt so
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order arrived. Suvorov wrote, “I
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Piedmont threatened the French supp
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eported that “Molchanov surrounde
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Although battle at Marengo was not
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This period showed a major weakness
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384 cannon, 20,000 muskets and vast
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At the same time, Bagration occupie
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Figure 3. Bagration as the advance
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general turns individually to the H
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from France to the Riviera. 14 Inte
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Suvorov was determined to leave a s
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The Allies first crossed the Bormid
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Map 6. Campaign of the Tidone and T
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia, 18 Jun
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across the Tidone and then turned n
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia Campaig
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ordered to arrange divisions of the
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Bagration also described Suvorov’
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at Rivalta and made flanking maneuv
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Although Suvorov later reported tha
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French did not gain a step of groun
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Vasilievich arrived, [bringing] a b
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By 6:00 p.m., the Allies regained t
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Map 6. Campaign on the Tidone and T
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The battle on the Trebbia was one o
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CHAPTER IV Against Joubert Battle o
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withdrawn his forces to Novi, reinf
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Kray in besieging Mantua and Suvoro
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lines. 33 Meantime, Suvorov, despit
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protected one of the valleys that l
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a brief clash with the French. 49 S
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Map 9. Siege of Serravalle 1 - Line
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upper Orba and Scrivia. 67 Joubert
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Map 10. Joubert’s Offensive 114
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Map 11. Massing of Forces at Novi 1
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Kray silently approached the French
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However, Suvorov’s actions also i
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Novi, but then reached the stonewal
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counterattack and recaptured it. 10
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Map 12. Battle at Novi, 15 August 1
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The next morning, Suvorov intended
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Novi was a major victory for Prince
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effectively removed the Russians fr
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The major flaw of this plan lay in
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I kept my word and arrived here on
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Map 13. Suvorov’s Assault on the
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to allow the flanking columns to le
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killed and wounded 45 Bagration rep
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Map 14. From the St. Gothard to Ams
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the Reuss River, a remarkable feat
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local commanders about Suvorov’s
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Furious over what he regarded as Au
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etreated toward Germany, leaving be
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the bravery and self-sacrifice of m
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General Auffenberg’s troops (2,00
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In a fierce engagement, Bagration p
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movement and moved the Bagration J
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Early afternoon on 1 October Bagrat
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French. 117 But the main assault on
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The main Russian forces assembled a
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the battlefield. Prince Peter order
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etreated and lost three guns to Mol
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Map 19. Passage of the Panixer Pass
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the council of war of 18 October, h
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In early November, the Russian army
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Swiss Campaigns. Suvorov praised hi
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CHAPTER VI Life in St. Petersburg a
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[Suvorov] very weak… he lapsed in
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launch three new ships at the Admir
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Tsarskoe Selo, which reminded him o
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occasion chastised him for neglecti
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had dark; she was beautiful like an
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Figure 6. “Pink Pavilion” - Bag
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Bagration’s wife: Princess Ekater
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saw Catherine’s daughter, who car
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Isabey painted her rose-crowned and
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Alexander was very apprehensive for
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CHAPTER VII “Five Against Thirty
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alleged participation in the assass
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Hanover, and another 20,000 men und
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the column and attached the infirma
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obstacles we confront, we shall ove
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Bagration was at Wischau; the next
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To Kutuzov’s surprise, he soon re
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Map 22. Ulm Campaign, 6 October 180
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de Dieu Soult, Louis-Nicolas Davout
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marched under cold rain and snow. B
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Napoleon commanded 150,000 men agai
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Map 23. Pursuit to Vienna, 26 Octob
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tenacity and were saved by the time
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Miloradovich in case the French thr
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watching for an unlikely appearance
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Napoleon arrived at the front on 11
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prepare for another march. Bagratio
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Kutuzov were furious at Nostitz’s
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Once within sight of Schöngrabern,
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Napoleon received the word of the a
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against Major General Selikhov’s
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Bagration’s detachment made a gre
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The news of Bagration’s escape ca
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While Bagration fought at Schograbe
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his columns and reinforced Bagratio
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execution. To preserve the main bod
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deployed some 30,000 men of Murat
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However, Alexander and Francis disr
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Map 27. Allied Advance from Olmutz
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27 November at Proedlitz. The next
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However, Bagration found his forces
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advance in complete ignorance of th
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. Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 D
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men to the battlefield. These troop
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ordinary battle. I prefer to abando
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Map 29. Napoleon’s and Allied Pla
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forces, which were supposed to coop
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holding the French was on the right
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on the north side of the road with
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Map 30. Combat on the Northern Flan
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tide of success. 120 The Russian ca
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6 th Jagers at Holubitz before disl
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finally secured Holubitz and Kruh a
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Czeitsch and then abandoned the tow
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Austerlitz was a masterpiece of Nap
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cavalry was also badly mauled, loos
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idolized a character. He was dresse
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over Alexander. 191 Bagration’s a
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Guard Jager Battalion and began pre
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CHAPTER IX In the Blizzards of Pola
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etreating northward, Napoleon was a
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The Russian army advanced on 6 Janu
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By this time, Marshal Michel Ney ad
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January. 27 Next day, he reached Li
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Meantime, the Russian headquarters
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the main forces. 47 These actions,
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Map 34. Region Between Deutsch Eyla
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Napoleon was delighted by the news
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organization of the retreat. Yermol
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forces in pursuit of the Russians.
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Murat made another series of attack
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Simultaneously, the French corps we
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In the evening of 6 February, Benni
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One of the participants left a vivi
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About one mile in front of Eylau, B
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However, the initial attack in the
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Many French officers, including Gen
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he could not defend his positions a
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still managed to capture eagle of t
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Map 38. Battle of Eylau, 8 February
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Baptiste Milhaud covered both Frenc
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cannon or musket fire neither in th
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Serpallen. 192 The French would hav
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where he placed strong batteries to
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In addition, thousands of the soldi
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Gross Lauth and approached village
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under command of Ataman Platov. 237
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eloved be everyone and admired by a
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Map 39. Friedland Campaign, 15 Marc
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advance guards on the Lower Passarg
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In April, strong reinforcements joi
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to attack Soult’s corps and preve
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At around 3:00 a.m. on 5 June, Bagr
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from the woods on the left flank. B
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Ney reconnoitered Bagration’s pos
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Ney made several stands on his marc
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As he made his stand on the banks o
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the failure of the maneuver at Gutt
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etreated without engaging. The Fren
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The Cossacks attacked but in a sava
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The Cossacks under Major General Pa
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moved by forced marches to Heilsber
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Bennigsen was unaware of the direct
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Map 43. Battle of Heilsberg, 10 Jun
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foot before receiving a horse from
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which friends and foes had during t
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Map 44. Friedland Campaign, 10-13 J
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Napoleon’s army as it marched to
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idges were constructed and addition
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Late in night on 13 June, Marshal L
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illusion of the arriving reinforcem
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Mortier’s corps also arrived on t
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withdrew his exhausted jagers allow
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The advancing French came under mur
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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imagined. Friends became foes to ea
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Map 46. Friedland Campaign, 14-19 J
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perhaps more terrible than the firs
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Friedland, where they found themsel
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Ingermanland) and part of Finland.
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along the coastline and twice he vi
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at Tavastheus (Hämeenlinna). One o
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A strong garrison of some 7,000 men
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efore the Swedes retreated to Tavas
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The fighting continued for over fou
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strong advance guard under Major Ge
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Map 47. Military Operations in Finl
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and to dispatch remaining forces 58
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entire coastline from Vaasa to Åbo
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The loss of the Åland Islands stun
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ubles for travel expenses from the
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on the southeast shore of Gulf of B
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Gustavus IV was further exasperated
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disorderly flight.” 106 General B
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for the expedition. 116 Knorring th
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one rubles is in fact worth 28 kope
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Map 50. Aland Islands 466
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The weather favored the Russians. I
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detachment, capturing nine guns and
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19 March, Kulnev prepared his troop
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Map 51. Military Operations in Spri
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frozen Kvarken, 166 reached the vic
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The Russian army was ordered to re-
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Åland Islands already became a leg
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CHAPTER XII Campaign in the Danube
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Map 52. Danubian Principalities in
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Turks, who felt betrayed by the Fre
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looking for a younger and more vigo
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further deteriorated. He died at 5:
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August, Bagration dispatched Ataman
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Around 6:00 a.m. on 28 August, Bagr
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Russian army now could take up posi
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Bagration provided his troops with
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Bagration concluded that Hozrev Meh
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the road from Constant, some ten mi
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Map 53. Battle of Rassevat, 16 Sept
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Turkish cavalry, 96 while Denisov
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Bagration was elated with this deci
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advance against Langeron. Therefore
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majesty’s wish though the quick a
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the troops to repulse the enemy sor
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The letters demonstrated Bagration
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CHAPTER XIII Conclusion of Bagratio
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conditions. 12 However, Bagration r
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Thus, Bagration was unable to conce
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To Bagration’s surprise, on 5 Oct
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additional forage. 34 Bagration was
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On 19 October, the Turkish army und
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dispatched Belorussian Hussars and
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killed and wounded, 200 captured wi
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Simultaneously, the Grand Vizier wi
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infantry battalions, and ordered hi
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campaign here, surrounded by the de
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the Danube can prevent these maneuv
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direct order from Alexander. 91 His
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partially destroyed during previous
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Turkish cavalry as “the best cava
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eceived from the Turkish reports of
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Bagration compared his situation wi
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sick to 150-200 men a day.” 126 B
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ideas at the councils and therefore
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army would spread confusion. He bel
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discontent after Kamensky’s very
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efused to allow Prince Peter to ret
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commander-in-chief, Bagration reali
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Prince Peter then turned to Major G
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Isaev with two infantry regiments o
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spilling the blood of their innocen
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However, neither of these powers wa
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to sign a cease fire and negotiate
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The planning for the join operation
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On 2 March 1810, Prince Peter gave
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compatriots in Bosnia and Albania.
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expenses. 68 Bagration criticized A
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harbors to any British ships. Furth
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Bagration, “You must persuade [th
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In addition to his involvement in t
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was in love with Philipescu’s dau
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In late January 1810, Bagration per
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devastating the region through thei
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Divans of Wallachia and Moldavia to
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and corrupt persons; so he had to c
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CHAPTER XV Defending the Western Fr
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lands. However, General Gardane rem
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impossible to return all of the lan
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The showdown of two great powers wa
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The major issue of contention betwe
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Napoleon was well aware of the diff
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Napoleon’s strategy was simple an
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suggested by the Minister of War Mi
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was assembled along a 50-mile front
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Map 56. Russian Campaign, 23 June 1
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characteristic timidity and indecis
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successes would “raise the high s
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campaign. Russia was ready to comme
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more aware of the political affairs
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to a new area at Volkovysk and its
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Another order of Barclay de Tolly t
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they were deployed too close to the
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Map 58. Russian Deployment on 23 Ju
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your objectives…since the politic
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only from the 1 st Western Army, bu
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was completed. From the initial 49,
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armies. It gave the 2 nd Western Ar
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CHAPTER XVI The Retreat and First S
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direct route to Minsk from Vilna, a
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2 nd Western Army marched another t
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Map 59. Retreat to Slonim 649
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two columns. 26 He also anticipated
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Soldiers cut the tree brunches and
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July and then advance towards Voloz
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Bagration halted the crossing to th
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None of these plans were implemente
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The next day, the Cossacks crossed
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drilled and equipped troops, Jérô
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Tell him [Jérôme] that it would b
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To raise morale among the disconten
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Bagration, which described in gener
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The 2 nd Western Army bivouacked fo
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To aid the lancers, General Turno o
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As he received Platov’s report ab
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Ivanovich Platov not only delighted
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Alexander criticized the movement o
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I am not to blame for anything. Fir
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By 12 July, the rearguard arrived a
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Beresina and at 10:00 a.m. on 12 Ju
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day. “If they [French] would not
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Platov intended to meet and detain
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The French suffered considerable lo
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Figure 12. Prince Peter Bagration i
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Map 66. Retreat to Moghilev 696
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Barclay de Tolly and the 1 st Weste
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Simultaneously, the Russian advance
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Vorontsov will arrive by night. I u
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At the same time, Davout began his
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Map 68. Battle of Saltanovka, 23 Ju
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inflicted heavy casualties. A Frenc
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The Russians acknowledged 2,548 kil
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Russians with his weakened army. 54
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Map 60. Bagration’s Operations in
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troops to prepare crossings over th
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of Napoléon and save his army from
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Figure 13. Chapel on the battlefiel
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a fierce battle on 25-27 July at Os
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In the meantime, Ataman Platov join
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this feeling, based only on antipat
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[Bagration], as no other commanders
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Thus, the Russian senior officers g
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Bagration is often portrayed as rec
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informed about my movement to Smole
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Bagration, had tremendous effect on
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Indeed, the Quartermaster-General o
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victory on his breaking through the
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Figures 15. Bagration’s Comrades
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urged the expediency of acting on t
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Only prompt and decisive actions co
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Lyadi with a strong detachment and
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Though we know that the enemy troop
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emained idle on the Porechye route
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Bagration also emphasized the criti
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enemy forces against you [in the di
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Map 69. Operations at Smolensk, 8-2
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The French 48 attacked before after
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campaigns, was well aware of this.
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August General Rayevsky had 10,000
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Smolensk to give a battle and this
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Map 70. Battle of Smolensk, 17 Augu
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the two armies were not united, dec
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important crossroad at Lubino was l
Page 791 and 792:
Meantime, Ney and Murat were engage
Page 793 and 794:
On 24 August the 1 st and 2 nd West
Page 795 and 796:
of the Russian generals, including
Page 797 and 798:
stronger. 120 He stressed the Frenc
Page 799 and 800:
complain. The army has not the leas
Page 801 and 802: almost eliminated. No one could mor
Page 803 and 804: the rank-and-file. The fact that he
Page 805 and 806: example of subordination, concealed
Page 807 and 808: for “this is not an ordinary war,
Page 809 and 810: the Russian rear guard. 12 General
Page 811 and 812: inaccurate in describing events and
Page 813 and 814: Shaped like a pentagon and some six
Page 815 and 816: Many officers criticized Kutuzov’
Page 817 and 818: Baggevout’s 2 nd Corps and Genera
Page 819 and 820: left wing was tangibly weak in comp
Page 821 and 822: attle and the actual number of the
Page 823 and 824: There was no hesitation on either s
Page 825 and 826: he, too, fell - this was the twenty
Page 827 and 828: Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 829 and 830: immediately launched a frontal coun
Page 831 and 832: On the northern flank, Eugene’s f
Page 833 and 834: Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 835 and 836: e moved back before order could be
Page 837 and 838: evening the French were in possessi
Page 839 and 840: In the midst of battle, Bagration w
Page 841 and 842: dramatically deteriorated. Being un
Page 843 and 844: eased the pain. His mood changed fr
Page 845 and 846: army. 144 Bagration unquestionably
Page 847 and 848: CONCLUSION The God of the Army - Ba
Page 849 and 850: Figure 19. Monument to Peter Bagrat
Page 851: of emotions in Bagration. Napoleon
Page 855 and 856: BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Rossi
Page 857 and 858: delo 3161 - Deistvia russkikh v kam
Page 859 and 860: Al’tshuller R, Borodino: Dokument
Page 861 and 862: Butovsky, I., Feldmarshal kniaz Kut
Page 863 and 864: -----------------, Mémoires et cor
Page 865 and 866: “Iz donesenii Bavarskago poverenn
Page 867 and 868: ‘Materiali iz istorii Suvorova’
Page 869 and 870: Rossia i Shvetsia: dokumenti i mate
Page 871 and 872: Yermolov, Aleksey, Zapiski A.P. Erm
Page 873 and 874: Björlin, Gustaf. Finska Kriget 180
Page 875 and 876: Deminski I., Pokhod Napoleona v Ros
Page 877 and 878: Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexande
Page 879 and 880: Lettow-Vorbeck, Oscar von, Der krie
Page 881 and 882: Nakashidze, Nodar. Borodinos gmiri
Page 883 and 884: Polikarpov, N. 1799-1899. Bagration
Page 885 and 886: Six, Georges, Dictionnaire biograph
Page 887 and 888: Volodin, P. O roli i chislenosti Mo
Page 889 and 890: Dubrovin, Nikolay, “Russkaya zhiz
Page 891 and 892: Sandelius, Walter, “Dictatorship
Page 893 and 894: ANNEX Annex 1 - Song in Honor of Pr
Page 895 and 896: major 8 December 1793 Premier major
Page 897: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Mikaberidze, Al
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the lion of the russian army - Florida State University

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