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CHAPTER III Against Macdonald: Battles on the Tidone and the Trebbia, 17 - 20 June 1799 The stay in Turin proved decisive in deepening rifts within the Allied coalition. Suvorov believed in the legitimacy of the monarchies and wanted to reestablish the deposed rulers in the northern Italy. In Turin, he proclaimed the restoration of the House of Savoy under King Charles Emmanuel IV, reinstating the Piedmontese officials and establishing the Piedmontese army. 1 Austrian Chancellor Baron Franz von Thugut had different designs for the Piedmont and Suvorov’s actions exasperated him. Thugut wanted to reassert Austrian control over northern Italy and feared Russia might claim the area. Therefore, he took necessary measures to limit Suvorov’s authority. After capturing Turin, Suvorov intended to advance westward and complete the destruction of the French army. He wanted to mobilize local forces and create a Piedmontese army that would support his forces in future operations. However, he soon received instructions of the Aulic Council (Hofkriegsrath) that put Piedmont under the Austrian administration and prohibited Suvorov from using Piedmontese forces. Suvorov was also ordered to turn back and seize the Quadrilateral fortresses of Verona, Legnago, Peschiera and Mantua. 2 The Russian field marshal was furious over this interruption of his plans. He expressed his anger in a letter to Russian ambassador in Vienna, “If the Hofkriegsrath commands the operations, then there is no need of me here and I wish to go home immediately. This cabinet decree has destroyed the order of all my operations…. Every 1 Rodger, War of the Second Coalition, 162; Orlov, Study of Suvorov’s Military Operations, 159-60; Petrushevsky, Generalissimo Prince Suvorov, 567-74. 63
general turns individually to the Hofkriegsrath, not only in private matters, but in everything, so it can intrigue according to its feelings and ideas. The Hofkriegsrath had authority to command them and limit my actions.” 3 Suvorov complained, “The fortresses of Tortona and Alessandria are weighing down my neck” 4 and he stressed the Piedmontese army would have given him reinforcements he needed. “I would have gathered considerable Piedmontese forces and supplied and armed them without any loss for the [Holy] Roman Emperor. I need these troops now more than ever.” 5 However, Suvorov complied with the Hofkriegsrath‘s decision by dispatching Prince Hohenzollern to Mantua and increasing the besieging force to over 30,000 men. 6 Meanwhile, the Allied patrols roamed the countryside in search of the French army. 7 Suvorov concentrated his main forces in the vicinity of Turin. General Bellegarde was moving to Alessandria, where the Allies blockaded the French garrison. Lieutenant General Ott with 7,400 men and Major General Klenau’s detachment remained at Reggio and Ferrara facing Macdonald. Peter Bagration remained at Orbassano covering the valleys south and southwest from Turin. Considering the garrisons and besieging troops, Suvorov had over 110,000 men in northern Italy. 8 The French forces were also spread over a vast territory. General Moreau’s army of 25,000 men was deployed along the 2 Longworth, The Art of Victory, 246-47; Duffy, Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 83; L. Leshinskii, Italianskii and Shveitsarskii pokhodi A.V. Suvorova [Italian and Swiss Campaigns of Suvorov] in Suvorovskii Sbornik, (Moscow, 1951), 103. 3 Suvorov to Razumovsky, 7 June 1799, Suvorov: Letters, 339; A.V. Suvorov: Documents, IV, 136-37; 4 Suvorov to Razumovsky, 29 May 1799, A.V. Suvorov: Documents, IV, 105-106. 5 Suvorov to Razumovsky, 7 June 1799, Suvorov: Letters, 339. 6 Suvorov to Kray, 30 May 1799, A.V. Suvorov: Documents, IV, 108-109. 7 On 1 June, Vukassovich marched south from Cerasco and found Moreau’s troops between Coni and Ceva. Moreau, whose troops were still besieging Ceva, retreated to the Riviera. Clausewitz, Die Feldzuge von 1799, V, 265; Miliutin, Campaign of 1799, II, 215 8 Bagration’s advance guard comprised of 2 battalions of Bagration Jager Regiment (624 men), Lomonosov’s Grenadier Battalion (501), Grekov’s Cossack Regiment (414), and Sychov’s Cossack Regiment (465). In total, there were 3 battalions and two Cossack regiments. Miliutin Campaign of 1799, II, 217-18, 534-35. 64
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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the Russian archives. Robert Goetz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Prince Pet
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30. Combat on the Northern Flank, f
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FOREWARD I faced several difficulti
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ABSTRACT This study explores the li
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participants of the 1812 Campaign.
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with a strong emphasis on the 1812
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Figure 1. Prince Peter Bagration in
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suppressed the main line of Bagrati
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Meantime, the Turks invaded Eastern
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another letter to Catherine asking
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Bagration’s enlistment in army is
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According to the record of Service,
Page 33 and 34: As he returned from the campaign, B
Page 35 and 36: not have hoped for a great career.
Page 37 and 38: more interested in Prussian and Aus
Page 39 and 40: The French mobilized up to 388,441
Page 41 and 42: General Suvorov joined the troops o
Page 43 and 44: campaigns they both served and kind
Page 45 and 46: expected to join the main forces. 3
Page 47 and 48: Map 1. Allied Movement from Mincio
Page 49 and 50: special decree recognizing the effo
Page 51 and 52: total, the French had some 28,000 m
Page 53 and 54: shouting, ‘Soldiers of Ismail, ar
Page 55 and 56: Bagration’s actions at Lecco. 78
Page 57 and 58: Map 3. Actions at Vaprio and Cassan
Page 59 and 60: and urged the destruction of the Fr
Page 61 and 62: was to occupy the fortress, if poss
Page 63 and 64: an ineffective handling of reconnai
Page 65 and 66: the Scrivia. He also moved Molchano
Page 67 and 68: eceived reinforcements and felt so
Page 69 and 70: order arrived. Suvorov wrote, “I
Page 71 and 72: Piedmont threatened the French supp
Page 73 and 74: eported that “Molchanov surrounde
Page 75 and 76: Although battle at Marengo was not
Page 77 and 78: This period showed a major weakness
Page 79 and 80: 384 cannon, 20,000 muskets and vast
Page 81 and 82: At the same time, Bagration occupie
Page 83: Figure 3. Bagration as the advance
Page 87 and 88: from France to the Riviera. 14 Inte
Page 89 and 90: Suvorov was determined to leave a s
Page 91 and 92: The Allies first crossed the Bormid
Page 93 and 94: Map 6. Campaign of the Tidone and T
Page 95 and 96: Map 7. First Day of Trebbia, 18 Jun
Page 97 and 98: across the Tidone and then turned n
Page 99 and 100: Map 7. First Day of Trebbia Campaig
Page 101 and 102: ordered to arrange divisions of the
Page 103 and 104: Bagration also described Suvorov’
Page 105 and 106: at Rivalta and made flanking maneuv
Page 107 and 108: Although Suvorov later reported tha
Page 109 and 110: French did not gain a step of groun
Page 111 and 112: Vasilievich arrived, [bringing] a b
Page 113 and 114: By 6:00 p.m., the Allies regained t
Page 115 and 116: Map 6. Campaign on the Tidone and T
Page 117 and 118: The battle on the Trebbia was one o
Page 119 and 120: CHAPTER IV Against Joubert Battle o
Page 121 and 122: withdrawn his forces to Novi, reinf
Page 123 and 124: Kray in besieging Mantua and Suvoro
Page 125 and 126: lines. 33 Meantime, Suvorov, despit
Page 127 and 128: protected one of the valleys that l
Page 129 and 130: a brief clash with the French. 49 S
Page 131 and 132: Map 9. Siege of Serravalle 1 - Line
Page 133 and 134: upper Orba and Scrivia. 67 Joubert
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Map 10. Joubert’s Offensive 114
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Map 11. Massing of Forces at Novi 1
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Kray silently approached the French
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However, Suvorov’s actions also i
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Novi, but then reached the stonewal
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counterattack and recaptured it. 10
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Map 12. Battle at Novi, 15 August 1
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The next morning, Suvorov intended
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Novi was a major victory for Prince
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effectively removed the Russians fr
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The major flaw of this plan lay in
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I kept my word and arrived here on
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Map 13. Suvorov’s Assault on the
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to allow the flanking columns to le
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killed and wounded 45 Bagration rep
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Map 14. From the St. Gothard to Ams
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the Reuss River, a remarkable feat
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local commanders about Suvorov’s
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Furious over what he regarded as Au
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etreated toward Germany, leaving be
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the bravery and self-sacrifice of m
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General Auffenberg’s troops (2,00
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In a fierce engagement, Bagration p
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movement and moved the Bagration J
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Early afternoon on 1 October Bagrat
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French. 117 But the main assault on
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The main Russian forces assembled a
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the battlefield. Prince Peter order
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etreated and lost three guns to Mol
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Map 19. Passage of the Panixer Pass
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the council of war of 18 October, h
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In early November, the Russian army
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Swiss Campaigns. Suvorov praised hi
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CHAPTER VI Life in St. Petersburg a
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[Suvorov] very weak… he lapsed in
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launch three new ships at the Admir
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Tsarskoe Selo, which reminded him o
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occasion chastised him for neglecti
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had dark; she was beautiful like an
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Figure 6. “Pink Pavilion” - Bag
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Bagration’s wife: Princess Ekater
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saw Catherine’s daughter, who car
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Isabey painted her rose-crowned and
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Alexander was very apprehensive for
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CHAPTER VII “Five Against Thirty
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alleged participation in the assass
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Hanover, and another 20,000 men und
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the column and attached the infirma
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obstacles we confront, we shall ove
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Bagration was at Wischau; the next
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To Kutuzov’s surprise, he soon re
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Map 22. Ulm Campaign, 6 October 180
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de Dieu Soult, Louis-Nicolas Davout
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marched under cold rain and snow. B
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Napoleon commanded 150,000 men agai
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Map 23. Pursuit to Vienna, 26 Octob
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tenacity and were saved by the time
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Miloradovich in case the French thr
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watching for an unlikely appearance
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Napoleon arrived at the front on 11
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prepare for another march. Bagratio
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Kutuzov were furious at Nostitz’s
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Once within sight of Schöngrabern,
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Napoleon received the word of the a
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against Major General Selikhov’s
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Bagration’s detachment made a gre
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The news of Bagration’s escape ca
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While Bagration fought at Schograbe
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his columns and reinforced Bagratio
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execution. To preserve the main bod
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deployed some 30,000 men of Murat
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However, Alexander and Francis disr
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Map 27. Allied Advance from Olmutz
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27 November at Proedlitz. The next
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However, Bagration found his forces
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advance in complete ignorance of th
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. Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 D
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men to the battlefield. These troop
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ordinary battle. I prefer to abando
Page 293 and 294:
Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Map 29. Napoleon’s and Allied Pla
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forces, which were supposed to coop
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holding the French was on the right
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on the north side of the road with
Page 303 and 304:
Map 30. Combat on the Northern Flan
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tide of success. 120 The Russian ca
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6 th Jagers at Holubitz before disl
Page 309 and 310:
finally secured Holubitz and Kruh a
Page 311 and 312:
Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Czeitsch and then abandoned the tow
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Austerlitz was a masterpiece of Nap
Page 317 and 318:
cavalry was also badly mauled, loos
Page 319 and 320:
idolized a character. He was dresse
Page 321 and 322:
over Alexander. 191 Bagration’s a
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Guard Jager Battalion and began pre
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CHAPTER IX In the Blizzards of Pola
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etreating northward, Napoleon was a
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The Russian army advanced on 6 Janu
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By this time, Marshal Michel Ney ad
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January. 27 Next day, he reached Li
Page 335 and 336:
Meantime, the Russian headquarters
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the main forces. 47 These actions,
Page 339 and 340:
Map 34. Region Between Deutsch Eyla
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Napoleon was delighted by the news
Page 343 and 344:
organization of the retreat. Yermol
Page 345 and 346:
forces in pursuit of the Russians.
Page 347 and 348:
Murat made another series of attack
Page 349 and 350:
Simultaneously, the French corps we
Page 351 and 352:
In the evening of 6 February, Benni
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One of the participants left a vivi
Page 355 and 356:
About one mile in front of Eylau, B
Page 357 and 358:
However, the initial attack in the
Page 359 and 360:
Many French officers, including Gen
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he could not defend his positions a
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still managed to capture eagle of t
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Map 38. Battle of Eylau, 8 February
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Baptiste Milhaud covered both Frenc
Page 369 and 370:
cannon or musket fire neither in th
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Serpallen. 192 The French would hav
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
where he placed strong batteries to
Page 379 and 380:
In addition, thousands of the soldi
Page 381 and 382:
Gross Lauth and approached village
Page 383 and 384:
under command of Ataman Platov. 237
Page 385 and 386:
eloved be everyone and admired by a
Page 387 and 388:
Map 39. Friedland Campaign, 15 Marc
Page 389 and 390:
advance guards on the Lower Passarg
Page 391 and 392:
In April, strong reinforcements joi
Page 393 and 394:
to attack Soult’s corps and preve
Page 395 and 396:
At around 3:00 a.m. on 5 June, Bagr
Page 397 and 398:
from the woods on the left flank. B
Page 399 and 400:
Ney reconnoitered Bagration’s pos
Page 401 and 402:
Ney made several stands on his marc
Page 403 and 404:
As he made his stand on the banks o
Page 405 and 406:
the failure of the maneuver at Gutt
Page 407 and 408:
etreated without engaging. The Fren
Page 409 and 410:
The Cossacks attacked but in a sava
Page 411 and 412:
The Cossacks under Major General Pa
Page 413 and 414:
moved by forced marches to Heilsber
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Bennigsen was unaware of the direct
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Map 43. Battle of Heilsberg, 10 Jun
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foot before receiving a horse from
Page 421 and 422:
which friends and foes had during t
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Map 44. Friedland Campaign, 10-13 J
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Napoleon’s army as it marched to
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idges were constructed and addition
Page 429 and 430:
Late in night on 13 June, Marshal L
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illusion of the arriving reinforcem
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Mortier’s corps also arrived on t
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withdrew his exhausted jagers allow
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The advancing French came under mur
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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imagined. Friends became foes to ea
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Map 46. Friedland Campaign, 14-19 J
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perhaps more terrible than the firs
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Friedland, where they found themsel
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Ingermanland) and part of Finland.
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along the coastline and twice he vi
Page 455 and 456:
at Tavastheus (Hämeenlinna). One o
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A strong garrison of some 7,000 men
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efore the Swedes retreated to Tavas
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The fighting continued for over fou
Page 463 and 464:
strong advance guard under Major Ge
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Map 47. Military Operations in Finl
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and to dispatch remaining forces 58
Page 469 and 470:
entire coastline from Vaasa to Åbo
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The loss of the Åland Islands stun
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ubles for travel expenses from the
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on the southeast shore of Gulf of B
Page 477 and 478:
Gustavus IV was further exasperated
Page 479 and 480:
disorderly flight.” 106 General B
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for the expedition. 116 Knorring th
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one rubles is in fact worth 28 kope
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Map 50. Aland Islands 466
Page 487 and 488:
The weather favored the Russians. I
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detachment, capturing nine guns and
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19 March, Kulnev prepared his troop
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Map 51. Military Operations in Spri
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frozen Kvarken, 166 reached the vic
Page 497 and 498:
The Russian army was ordered to re-
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Åland Islands already became a leg
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CHAPTER XII Campaign in the Danube
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Map 52. Danubian Principalities in
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Turks, who felt betrayed by the Fre
Page 507 and 508:
looking for a younger and more vigo
Page 509 and 510:
further deteriorated. He died at 5:
Page 511 and 512:
August, Bagration dispatched Ataman
Page 513 and 514:
Around 6:00 a.m. on 28 August, Bagr
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Russian army now could take up posi
Page 517 and 518:
Bagration provided his troops with
Page 519 and 520:
Bagration concluded that Hozrev Meh
Page 521 and 522:
the road from Constant, some ten mi
Page 523 and 524:
Map 53. Battle of Rassevat, 16 Sept
Page 525 and 526:
Turkish cavalry, 96 while Denisov
Page 527 and 528:
Bagration was elated with this deci
Page 529 and 530:
advance against Langeron. Therefore
Page 531 and 532:
majesty’s wish though the quick a
Page 533 and 534:
the troops to repulse the enemy sor
Page 535 and 536:
The letters demonstrated Bagration
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CHAPTER XIII Conclusion of Bagratio
Page 539 and 540:
conditions. 12 However, Bagration r
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Thus, Bagration was unable to conce
Page 543 and 544:
To Bagration’s surprise, on 5 Oct
Page 545 and 546:
additional forage. 34 Bagration was
Page 547 and 548:
On 19 October, the Turkish army und
Page 549 and 550:
dispatched Belorussian Hussars and
Page 551 and 552:
killed and wounded, 200 captured wi
Page 553 and 554:
Simultaneously, the Grand Vizier wi
Page 555 and 556:
infantry battalions, and ordered hi
Page 557 and 558:
campaign here, surrounded by the de
Page 559 and 560:
the Danube can prevent these maneuv
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direct order from Alexander. 91 His
Page 563 and 564:
partially destroyed during previous
Page 565 and 566:
Turkish cavalry as “the best cava
Page 567 and 568:
eceived from the Turkish reports of
Page 569 and 570:
Bagration compared his situation wi
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sick to 150-200 men a day.” 126 B
Page 573 and 574:
ideas at the councils and therefore
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army would spread confusion. He bel
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discontent after Kamensky’s very
Page 579 and 580:
efused to allow Prince Peter to ret
Page 581 and 582:
commander-in-chief, Bagration reali
Page 583 and 584:
Prince Peter then turned to Major G
Page 585 and 586:
Isaev with two infantry regiments o
Page 587 and 588:
spilling the blood of their innocen
Page 589 and 590:
However, neither of these powers wa
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to sign a cease fire and negotiate
Page 593 and 594:
The planning for the join operation
Page 595 and 596:
On 2 March 1810, Prince Peter gave
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compatriots in Bosnia and Albania.
Page 599 and 600:
expenses. 68 Bagration criticized A
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harbors to any British ships. Furth
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Bagration, “You must persuade [th
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In addition to his involvement in t
Page 607 and 608:
was in love with Philipescu’s dau
Page 609 and 610:
In late January 1810, Bagration per
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devastating the region through thei
Page 613 and 614:
Divans of Wallachia and Moldavia to
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and corrupt persons; so he had to c
Page 617 and 618:
CHAPTER XV Defending the Western Fr
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lands. However, General Gardane rem
Page 621 and 622:
impossible to return all of the lan
Page 623 and 624:
The showdown of two great powers wa
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The major issue of contention betwe
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Napoleon was well aware of the diff
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Napoleon’s strategy was simple an
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suggested by the Minister of War Mi
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was assembled along a 50-mile front
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Map 56. Russian Campaign, 23 June 1
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characteristic timidity and indecis
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successes would “raise the high s
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campaign. Russia was ready to comme
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more aware of the political affairs
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to a new area at Volkovysk and its
Page 647 and 648:
Another order of Barclay de Tolly t
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they were deployed too close to the
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Map 58. Russian Deployment on 23 Ju
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your objectives…since the politic
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only from the 1 st Western Army, bu
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was completed. From the initial 49,
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armies. It gave the 2 nd Western Ar
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CHAPTER XVI The Retreat and First S
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direct route to Minsk from Vilna, a
Page 665 and 666:
2 nd Western Army marched another t
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Map 59. Retreat to Slonim 649
Page 669 and 670:
two columns. 26 He also anticipated
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Soldiers cut the tree brunches and
Page 673 and 674:
July and then advance towards Voloz
Page 675 and 676:
Bagration halted the crossing to th
Page 677 and 678:
None of these plans were implemente
Page 679 and 680:
The next day, the Cossacks crossed
Page 681 and 682:
drilled and equipped troops, Jérô
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Tell him [Jérôme] that it would b
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To raise morale among the disconten
Page 687 and 688:
Bagration, which described in gener
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The 2 nd Western Army bivouacked fo
Page 691 and 692:
To aid the lancers, General Turno o
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As he received Platov’s report ab
Page 695 and 696:
Ivanovich Platov not only delighted
Page 697 and 698:
Alexander criticized the movement o
Page 699 and 700:
I am not to blame for anything. Fir
Page 701 and 702:
By 12 July, the rearguard arrived a
Page 703 and 704:
Beresina and at 10:00 a.m. on 12 Ju
Page 705 and 706:
day. “If they [French] would not
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Platov intended to meet and detain
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The French suffered considerable lo
Page 711 and 712:
Figure 12. Prince Peter Bagration i
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Map 66. Retreat to Moghilev 696
Page 715 and 716:
Barclay de Tolly and the 1 st Weste
Page 717 and 718:
Simultaneously, the Russian advance
Page 719 and 720:
Vorontsov will arrive by night. I u
Page 721 and 722:
At the same time, Davout began his
Page 723 and 724:
Map 68. Battle of Saltanovka, 23 Ju
Page 725 and 726:
inflicted heavy casualties. A Frenc
Page 727 and 728:
The Russians acknowledged 2,548 kil
Page 729 and 730:
Russians with his weakened army. 54
Page 731 and 732:
Map 60. Bagration’s Operations in
Page 733 and 734:
troops to prepare crossings over th
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of Napoléon and save his army from
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Figure 13. Chapel on the battlefiel
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a fierce battle on 25-27 July at Os
Page 741 and 742:
In the meantime, Ataman Platov join
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this feeling, based only on antipat
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[Bagration], as no other commanders
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Thus, the Russian senior officers g
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Bagration is often portrayed as rec
Page 751 and 752:
informed about my movement to Smole
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Bagration, had tremendous effect on
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Indeed, the Quartermaster-General o
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victory on his breaking through the
Page 759 and 760:
Figures 15. Bagration’s Comrades
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urged the expediency of acting on t
Page 763 and 764:
Only prompt and decisive actions co
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Lyadi with a strong detachment and
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Though we know that the enemy troop
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emained idle on the Porechye route
Page 771 and 772:
Bagration also emphasized the criti
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enemy forces against you [in the di
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Map 69. Operations at Smolensk, 8-2
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The French 48 attacked before after
Page 779 and 780:
campaigns, was well aware of this.
Page 781 and 782:
August General Rayevsky had 10,000
Page 783 and 784:
Smolensk to give a battle and this
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Map 70. Battle of Smolensk, 17 Augu
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the two armies were not united, dec
Page 789 and 790:
important crossroad at Lubino was l
Page 791 and 792:
Meantime, Ney and Murat were engage
Page 793 and 794:
On 24 August the 1 st and 2 nd West
Page 795 and 796:
of the Russian generals, including
Page 797 and 798:
stronger. 120 He stressed the Frenc
Page 799 and 800:
complain. The army has not the leas
Page 801 and 802:
almost eliminated. No one could mor
Page 803 and 804:
the rank-and-file. The fact that he
Page 805 and 806:
example of subordination, concealed
Page 807 and 808:
for “this is not an ordinary war,
Page 809 and 810:
the Russian rear guard. 12 General
Page 811 and 812:
inaccurate in describing events and
Page 813 and 814:
Shaped like a pentagon and some six
Page 815 and 816:
Many officers criticized Kutuzov’
Page 817 and 818:
Baggevout’s 2 nd Corps and Genera
Page 819 and 820:
left wing was tangibly weak in comp
Page 821 and 822:
attle and the actual number of the
Page 823 and 824:
There was no hesitation on either s
Page 825 and 826:
he, too, fell - this was the twenty
Page 827 and 828:
Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 829 and 830:
immediately launched a frontal coun
Page 831 and 832:
On the northern flank, Eugene’s f
Page 833 and 834:
Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 835 and 836:
e moved back before order could be
Page 837 and 838:
evening the French were in possessi
Page 839 and 840:
In the midst of battle, Bagration w
Page 841 and 842:
dramatically deteriorated. Being un
Page 843 and 844:
eased the pain. His mood changed fr
Page 845 and 846:
army. 144 Bagration unquestionably
Page 847 and 848:
CONCLUSION The God of the Army - Ba
Page 849 and 850:
Figure 19. Monument to Peter Bagrat
Page 851 and 852:
of emotions in Bagration. Napoleon
Page 853 and 854:
Highly gifted by nature, with “a
Page 855 and 856:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Rossi
Page 857 and 858:
delo 3161 - Deistvia russkikh v kam
Page 859 and 860:
Al’tshuller R, Borodino: Dokument
Page 861 and 862:
Butovsky, I., Feldmarshal kniaz Kut
Page 863 and 864:
-----------------, Mémoires et cor
Page 865 and 866:
“Iz donesenii Bavarskago poverenn
Page 867 and 868:
‘Materiali iz istorii Suvorova’
Page 869 and 870:
Rossia i Shvetsia: dokumenti i mate
Page 871 and 872:
Yermolov, Aleksey, Zapiski A.P. Erm
Page 873 and 874:
Björlin, Gustaf. Finska Kriget 180
Page 875 and 876:
Deminski I., Pokhod Napoleona v Ros
Page 877 and 878:
Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexande
Page 879 and 880:
Lettow-Vorbeck, Oscar von, Der krie
Page 881 and 882:
Nakashidze, Nodar. Borodinos gmiri
Page 883 and 884:
Polikarpov, N. 1799-1899. Bagration
Page 885 and 886:
Six, Georges, Dictionnaire biograph
Page 887 and 888:
Volodin, P. O roli i chislenosti Mo
Page 889 and 890:
Dubrovin, Nikolay, “Russkaya zhiz
Page 891 and 892:
Sandelius, Walter, “Dictatorship
Page 893 and 894:
ANNEX Annex 1 - Song in Honor of Pr
Page 895 and 896:
major 8 December 1793 Premier major
Page 897:
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Mikaberidze, Al
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