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Buturlin, Dmitri, Relation historique et critique de la campagne de 1799 des Austro- Russes en Italie, St. Petersburg, 1812 Bychkov, L. Krest´ianskoe partizanskoe dvizhenie v Otechestvennoi voine 1812 goda. [Guerrilla Movement During the Patriotic War of 1812] Moscow, 1954. Cartland, Barbara, Metternich: The Passionate Diplomat, London, 1964 Cate, Curtis. The War of the Two Emperors: the Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander -- Russia, 1812, New York, 1985. Cecil, Algeron, Metternich, 1773-1859: A Study of Period and Personality, London, 1933 Chambray, Georges., Histoire de l'expédition de Russie Paris, 1823 Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon, New York, Macmillan, 1966 -----------------, Napoleon, London, 1974 -----------------, On the Napoleonic wars, London, 1998 -----------------, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars, London, 1999 Chapuis, Francois Claude. Campagne de 1812 en Russie: observations sur la retraite du prince Bagration commandant en chef de la deuxieme armee russe, Paris, 1856. Chodzko, Leonard, Histoire des légions polonaises en Italie, sous le commandement du Général Dombrowski, Paris, 1829 Chrisawn, Margaret, The Emperor’s Friend: Marshal Jean Lannes, London, 2000 Colmar, Freiherr von der Goltz, From Jena to Eylau: The Disgrace And The Redemption Of The Old-Prussian Army: A Study In Military History, London, 1913 Cooper, L. Many Roads to Moscow: Three Historic Invasions. London, Hamilton, 1968. Couailhac, Louis, Campagne d’Austerlitz, Paris, 1832 Coudray, Helene du, Metternich, New Haven, 1936 Danielson, Johann Richard, Finland’s Union with the Russian Empire, with Reference to M.K. Ordin’s Work ‘Finland’s Subjugation,’ Helsingfors, 1891 -----------------, Suomen sota ja Suomen sotilaat vuosina 1808-1809, Helsinki, 1896 860
Deminski I., Pokhod Napoleona v Rossiiu: ili opisanie proisheshestvii bivshikh v Rossii v 1812 godu, [Napoleon’s Campaign in Russia or Description of Events in Russia in 1812] St. Petersburg, 1813. Derode, M. Nouvelle relation de la bataille de Friedland, Paris, 1839 Despréaux, Frignet, Le Maréchal Mortier, Duc de Trévise, Paris, 1914 Djevegelov A., Makhnevich N. and etc. Otechestvennaia voina i Russkoye obshestvo, jubileinoe izdanie, [The Patriotic War and the Russian Society] 7 vol. Moscow, 1911- 1912 Djordjevic, Miroslav, Politiçka istorija Srbije XIX i XX veka I (1804-1813), Belgrade, 1956 Duffy, Christopher, Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, London, 1981 -----------------, Austerlitz, 1805, London, 1977 -----------------, Borodino, London, 1972 Elting, John R., A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Greenhill, 2000 Egger, Rainer, Das Gefecht bei Dürnsten-Loiben 1805, Militärhistorische Schriftenreihe, Heft 3, Vienna, 1965 -----------------, Das Gefecht bei Hollabrunn und Schongrabern 1805, Militärhistorische Schriftenreihe, Heft 27, Vienna, 1982 Esposito, Vincent, Elting, John, A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars. London, 2000 Fabre, Marc-André. Jérôme Bonaparte, Roi de Westphalie, Paris, 1952 Fabry, Gabriel Joseph, Campaign de Russie, Paris, 1900 Fasanari, Raffaele, L’Armata Russa del Generale Suvarov attraverso Verona (1799- 1800), Verona, 1952 Foord, Edward., Napoleon’s Russian Campaign of 1812, London, 1914 Furse, George Arman, A Hundred Years Ago: Battles by Land and by Sea: Ulm, Trafalgar, Austerlitz, London: W. Clowes and Sons, 1905 861
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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the Russian archives. Robert Goetz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Prince Pet
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30. Combat on the Northern Flank, f
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FOREWARD I faced several difficulti
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ABSTRACT This study explores the li
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participants of the 1812 Campaign.
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with a strong emphasis on the 1812
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Figure 1. Prince Peter Bagration in
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suppressed the main line of Bagrati
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Meantime, the Turks invaded Eastern
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another letter to Catherine asking
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Bagration’s enlistment in army is
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According to the record of Service,
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As he returned from the campaign, B
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not have hoped for a great career.
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more interested in Prussian and Aus
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The French mobilized up to 388,441
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General Suvorov joined the troops o
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campaigns they both served and kind
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expected to join the main forces. 3
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Map 1. Allied Movement from Mincio
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special decree recognizing the effo
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total, the French had some 28,000 m
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shouting, ‘Soldiers of Ismail, ar
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Bagration’s actions at Lecco. 78
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Map 3. Actions at Vaprio and Cassan
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and urged the destruction of the Fr
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was to occupy the fortress, if poss
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an ineffective handling of reconnai
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the Scrivia. He also moved Molchano
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eceived reinforcements and felt so
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order arrived. Suvorov wrote, “I
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Piedmont threatened the French supp
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eported that “Molchanov surrounde
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Although battle at Marengo was not
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This period showed a major weakness
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384 cannon, 20,000 muskets and vast
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At the same time, Bagration occupie
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Figure 3. Bagration as the advance
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general turns individually to the H
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from France to the Riviera. 14 Inte
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Suvorov was determined to leave a s
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The Allies first crossed the Bormid
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Map 6. Campaign of the Tidone and T
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia, 18 Jun
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across the Tidone and then turned n
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia Campaig
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ordered to arrange divisions of the
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Bagration also described Suvorov’
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at Rivalta and made flanking maneuv
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Although Suvorov later reported tha
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French did not gain a step of groun
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Vasilievich arrived, [bringing] a b
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By 6:00 p.m., the Allies regained t
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Map 6. Campaign on the Tidone and T
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The battle on the Trebbia was one o
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CHAPTER IV Against Joubert Battle o
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withdrawn his forces to Novi, reinf
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Kray in besieging Mantua and Suvoro
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lines. 33 Meantime, Suvorov, despit
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protected one of the valleys that l
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a brief clash with the French. 49 S
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Map 9. Siege of Serravalle 1 - Line
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upper Orba and Scrivia. 67 Joubert
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Map 10. Joubert’s Offensive 114
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Map 11. Massing of Forces at Novi 1
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Kray silently approached the French
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However, Suvorov’s actions also i
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Novi, but then reached the stonewal
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counterattack and recaptured it. 10
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Map 12. Battle at Novi, 15 August 1
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The next morning, Suvorov intended
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Novi was a major victory for Prince
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effectively removed the Russians fr
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The major flaw of this plan lay in
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I kept my word and arrived here on
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Map 13. Suvorov’s Assault on the
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to allow the flanking columns to le
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killed and wounded 45 Bagration rep
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Map 14. From the St. Gothard to Ams
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the Reuss River, a remarkable feat
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local commanders about Suvorov’s
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Furious over what he regarded as Au
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etreated toward Germany, leaving be
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the bravery and self-sacrifice of m
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General Auffenberg’s troops (2,00
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In a fierce engagement, Bagration p
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movement and moved the Bagration J
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Early afternoon on 1 October Bagrat
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French. 117 But the main assault on
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The main Russian forces assembled a
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the battlefield. Prince Peter order
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etreated and lost three guns to Mol
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Map 19. Passage of the Panixer Pass
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the council of war of 18 October, h
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In early November, the Russian army
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Swiss Campaigns. Suvorov praised hi
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CHAPTER VI Life in St. Petersburg a
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[Suvorov] very weak… he lapsed in
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launch three new ships at the Admir
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Tsarskoe Selo, which reminded him o
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occasion chastised him for neglecti
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had dark; she was beautiful like an
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Figure 6. “Pink Pavilion” - Bag
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Bagration’s wife: Princess Ekater
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saw Catherine’s daughter, who car
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Isabey painted her rose-crowned and
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Alexander was very apprehensive for
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CHAPTER VII “Five Against Thirty
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alleged participation in the assass
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Hanover, and another 20,000 men und
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the column and attached the infirma
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obstacles we confront, we shall ove
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Bagration was at Wischau; the next
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To Kutuzov’s surprise, he soon re
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Map 22. Ulm Campaign, 6 October 180
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de Dieu Soult, Louis-Nicolas Davout
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marched under cold rain and snow. B
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Napoleon commanded 150,000 men agai
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Map 23. Pursuit to Vienna, 26 Octob
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tenacity and were saved by the time
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Miloradovich in case the French thr
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watching for an unlikely appearance
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Napoleon arrived at the front on 11
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prepare for another march. Bagratio
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Kutuzov were furious at Nostitz’s
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Once within sight of Schöngrabern,
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Napoleon received the word of the a
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against Major General Selikhov’s
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Bagration’s detachment made a gre
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The news of Bagration’s escape ca
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While Bagration fought at Schograbe
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his columns and reinforced Bagratio
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execution. To preserve the main bod
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deployed some 30,000 men of Murat
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However, Alexander and Francis disr
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Map 27. Allied Advance from Olmutz
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27 November at Proedlitz. The next
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However, Bagration found his forces
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advance in complete ignorance of th
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. Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 D
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men to the battlefield. These troop
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ordinary battle. I prefer to abando
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Map 29. Napoleon’s and Allied Pla
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forces, which were supposed to coop
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holding the French was on the right
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on the north side of the road with
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Map 30. Combat on the Northern Flan
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tide of success. 120 The Russian ca
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6 th Jagers at Holubitz before disl
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finally secured Holubitz and Kruh a
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Czeitsch and then abandoned the tow
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Austerlitz was a masterpiece of Nap
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cavalry was also badly mauled, loos
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idolized a character. He was dresse
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over Alexander. 191 Bagration’s a
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Guard Jager Battalion and began pre
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CHAPTER IX In the Blizzards of Pola
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etreating northward, Napoleon was a
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The Russian army advanced on 6 Janu
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By this time, Marshal Michel Ney ad
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January. 27 Next day, he reached Li
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Meantime, the Russian headquarters
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the main forces. 47 These actions,
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Map 34. Region Between Deutsch Eyla
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Napoleon was delighted by the news
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organization of the retreat. Yermol
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forces in pursuit of the Russians.
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Murat made another series of attack
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Simultaneously, the French corps we
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In the evening of 6 February, Benni
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One of the participants left a vivi
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About one mile in front of Eylau, B
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However, the initial attack in the
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Many French officers, including Gen
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he could not defend his positions a
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still managed to capture eagle of t
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Map 38. Battle of Eylau, 8 February
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Baptiste Milhaud covered both Frenc
Page 369 and 370:
cannon or musket fire neither in th
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Serpallen. 192 The French would hav
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
where he placed strong batteries to
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In addition, thousands of the soldi
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Gross Lauth and approached village
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under command of Ataman Platov. 237
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eloved be everyone and admired by a
Page 387 and 388:
Map 39. Friedland Campaign, 15 Marc
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advance guards on the Lower Passarg
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In April, strong reinforcements joi
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to attack Soult’s corps and preve
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At around 3:00 a.m. on 5 June, Bagr
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from the woods on the left flank. B
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Ney reconnoitered Bagration’s pos
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Ney made several stands on his marc
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As he made his stand on the banks o
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the failure of the maneuver at Gutt
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etreated without engaging. The Fren
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The Cossacks attacked but in a sava
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The Cossacks under Major General Pa
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moved by forced marches to Heilsber
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Bennigsen was unaware of the direct
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Map 43. Battle of Heilsberg, 10 Jun
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foot before receiving a horse from
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which friends and foes had during t
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Map 44. Friedland Campaign, 10-13 J
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Napoleon’s army as it marched to
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idges were constructed and addition
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Late in night on 13 June, Marshal L
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illusion of the arriving reinforcem
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Mortier’s corps also arrived on t
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withdrew his exhausted jagers allow
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The advancing French came under mur
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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imagined. Friends became foes to ea
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Map 46. Friedland Campaign, 14-19 J
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perhaps more terrible than the firs
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Friedland, where they found themsel
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Ingermanland) and part of Finland.
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along the coastline and twice he vi
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at Tavastheus (Hämeenlinna). One o
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A strong garrison of some 7,000 men
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efore the Swedes retreated to Tavas
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The fighting continued for over fou
Page 463 and 464:
strong advance guard under Major Ge
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Map 47. Military Operations in Finl
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and to dispatch remaining forces 58
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entire coastline from Vaasa to Åbo
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The loss of the Åland Islands stun
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ubles for travel expenses from the
Page 475 and 476:
on the southeast shore of Gulf of B
Page 477 and 478:
Gustavus IV was further exasperated
Page 479 and 480:
disorderly flight.” 106 General B
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for the expedition. 116 Knorring th
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one rubles is in fact worth 28 kope
Page 485 and 486:
Map 50. Aland Islands 466
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The weather favored the Russians. I
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detachment, capturing nine guns and
Page 491 and 492:
19 March, Kulnev prepared his troop
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Map 51. Military Operations in Spri
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frozen Kvarken, 166 reached the vic
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The Russian army was ordered to re-
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Åland Islands already became a leg
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CHAPTER XII Campaign in the Danube
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Map 52. Danubian Principalities in
Page 505 and 506:
Turks, who felt betrayed by the Fre
Page 507 and 508:
looking for a younger and more vigo
Page 509 and 510:
further deteriorated. He died at 5:
Page 511 and 512:
August, Bagration dispatched Ataman
Page 513 and 514:
Around 6:00 a.m. on 28 August, Bagr
Page 515 and 516:
Russian army now could take up posi
Page 517 and 518:
Bagration provided his troops with
Page 519 and 520:
Bagration concluded that Hozrev Meh
Page 521 and 522:
the road from Constant, some ten mi
Page 523 and 524:
Map 53. Battle of Rassevat, 16 Sept
Page 525 and 526:
Turkish cavalry, 96 while Denisov
Page 527 and 528:
Bagration was elated with this deci
Page 529 and 530:
advance against Langeron. Therefore
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majesty’s wish though the quick a
Page 533 and 534:
the troops to repulse the enemy sor
Page 535 and 536:
The letters demonstrated Bagration
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CHAPTER XIII Conclusion of Bagratio
Page 539 and 540:
conditions. 12 However, Bagration r
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Thus, Bagration was unable to conce
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To Bagration’s surprise, on 5 Oct
Page 545 and 546:
additional forage. 34 Bagration was
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On 19 October, the Turkish army und
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dispatched Belorussian Hussars and
Page 551 and 552:
killed and wounded, 200 captured wi
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Simultaneously, the Grand Vizier wi
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infantry battalions, and ordered hi
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campaign here, surrounded by the de
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the Danube can prevent these maneuv
Page 561 and 562:
direct order from Alexander. 91 His
Page 563 and 564:
partially destroyed during previous
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Turkish cavalry as “the best cava
Page 567 and 568:
eceived from the Turkish reports of
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Bagration compared his situation wi
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sick to 150-200 men a day.” 126 B
Page 573 and 574:
ideas at the councils and therefore
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army would spread confusion. He bel
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discontent after Kamensky’s very
Page 579 and 580:
efused to allow Prince Peter to ret
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commander-in-chief, Bagration reali
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Prince Peter then turned to Major G
Page 585 and 586:
Isaev with two infantry regiments o
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spilling the blood of their innocen
Page 589 and 590:
However, neither of these powers wa
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to sign a cease fire and negotiate
Page 593 and 594:
The planning for the join operation
Page 595 and 596:
On 2 March 1810, Prince Peter gave
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compatriots in Bosnia and Albania.
Page 599 and 600:
expenses. 68 Bagration criticized A
Page 601 and 602:
harbors to any British ships. Furth
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Bagration, “You must persuade [th
Page 605 and 606:
In addition to his involvement in t
Page 607 and 608:
was in love with Philipescu’s dau
Page 609 and 610:
In late January 1810, Bagration per
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devastating the region through thei
Page 613 and 614:
Divans of Wallachia and Moldavia to
Page 615 and 616:
and corrupt persons; so he had to c
Page 617 and 618:
CHAPTER XV Defending the Western Fr
Page 619 and 620:
lands. However, General Gardane rem
Page 621 and 622:
impossible to return all of the lan
Page 623 and 624:
The showdown of two great powers wa
Page 625 and 626:
The major issue of contention betwe
Page 627 and 628:
Napoleon was well aware of the diff
Page 629 and 630:
Napoleon’s strategy was simple an
Page 631 and 632:
suggested by the Minister of War Mi
Page 633 and 634:
was assembled along a 50-mile front
Page 635 and 636:
Map 56. Russian Campaign, 23 June 1
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characteristic timidity and indecis
Page 639 and 640:
successes would “raise the high s
Page 641 and 642:
campaign. Russia was ready to comme
Page 643 and 644:
more aware of the political affairs
Page 645 and 646:
to a new area at Volkovysk and its
Page 647 and 648:
Another order of Barclay de Tolly t
Page 649 and 650:
they were deployed too close to the
Page 651 and 652:
Map 58. Russian Deployment on 23 Ju
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your objectives…since the politic
Page 655 and 656:
only from the 1 st Western Army, bu
Page 657 and 658:
was completed. From the initial 49,
Page 659 and 660:
armies. It gave the 2 nd Western Ar
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CHAPTER XVI The Retreat and First S
Page 663 and 664:
direct route to Minsk from Vilna, a
Page 665 and 666:
2 nd Western Army marched another t
Page 667 and 668:
Map 59. Retreat to Slonim 649
Page 669 and 670:
two columns. 26 He also anticipated
Page 671 and 672:
Soldiers cut the tree brunches and
Page 673 and 674:
July and then advance towards Voloz
Page 675 and 676:
Bagration halted the crossing to th
Page 677 and 678:
None of these plans were implemente
Page 679 and 680:
The next day, the Cossacks crossed
Page 681 and 682:
drilled and equipped troops, Jérô
Page 683 and 684:
Tell him [Jérôme] that it would b
Page 685 and 686:
To raise morale among the disconten
Page 687 and 688:
Bagration, which described in gener
Page 689 and 690:
The 2 nd Western Army bivouacked fo
Page 691 and 692:
To aid the lancers, General Turno o
Page 693 and 694:
As he received Platov’s report ab
Page 695 and 696:
Ivanovich Platov not only delighted
Page 697 and 698:
Alexander criticized the movement o
Page 699 and 700:
I am not to blame for anything. Fir
Page 701 and 702:
By 12 July, the rearguard arrived a
Page 703 and 704:
Beresina and at 10:00 a.m. on 12 Ju
Page 705 and 706:
day. “If they [French] would not
Page 707 and 708:
Platov intended to meet and detain
Page 709 and 710:
The French suffered considerable lo
Page 711 and 712:
Figure 12. Prince Peter Bagration i
Page 713 and 714:
Map 66. Retreat to Moghilev 696
Page 715 and 716:
Barclay de Tolly and the 1 st Weste
Page 717 and 718:
Simultaneously, the Russian advance
Page 719 and 720:
Vorontsov will arrive by night. I u
Page 721 and 722:
At the same time, Davout began his
Page 723 and 724:
Map 68. Battle of Saltanovka, 23 Ju
Page 725 and 726:
inflicted heavy casualties. A Frenc
Page 727 and 728:
The Russians acknowledged 2,548 kil
Page 729 and 730:
Russians with his weakened army. 54
Page 731 and 732:
Map 60. Bagration’s Operations in
Page 733 and 734:
troops to prepare crossings over th
Page 735 and 736:
of Napoléon and save his army from
Page 737 and 738:
Figure 13. Chapel on the battlefiel
Page 739 and 740:
a fierce battle on 25-27 July at Os
Page 741 and 742:
In the meantime, Ataman Platov join
Page 743 and 744:
this feeling, based only on antipat
Page 745 and 746:
[Bagration], as no other commanders
Page 747 and 748:
Thus, the Russian senior officers g
Page 749 and 750:
Bagration is often portrayed as rec
Page 751 and 752:
informed about my movement to Smole
Page 753 and 754:
Bagration, had tremendous effect on
Page 755 and 756:
Indeed, the Quartermaster-General o
Page 757 and 758:
victory on his breaking through the
Page 759 and 760:
Figures 15. Bagration’s Comrades
Page 761 and 762:
urged the expediency of acting on t
Page 763 and 764:
Only prompt and decisive actions co
Page 765 and 766:
Lyadi with a strong detachment and
Page 767 and 768:
Though we know that the enemy troop
Page 769 and 770:
emained idle on the Porechye route
Page 771 and 772:
Bagration also emphasized the criti
Page 773 and 774:
enemy forces against you [in the di
Page 775 and 776:
Map 69. Operations at Smolensk, 8-2
Page 777 and 778:
The French 48 attacked before after
Page 779 and 780:
campaigns, was well aware of this.
Page 781 and 782:
August General Rayevsky had 10,000
Page 783 and 784:
Smolensk to give a battle and this
Page 785 and 786:
Map 70. Battle of Smolensk, 17 Augu
Page 787 and 788:
the two armies were not united, dec
Page 789 and 790:
important crossroad at Lubino was l
Page 791 and 792:
Meantime, Ney and Murat were engage
Page 793 and 794:
On 24 August the 1 st and 2 nd West
Page 795 and 796:
of the Russian generals, including
Page 797 and 798:
stronger. 120 He stressed the Frenc
Page 799 and 800:
complain. The army has not the leas
Page 801 and 802:
almost eliminated. No one could mor
Page 803 and 804:
the rank-and-file. The fact that he
Page 805 and 806:
example of subordination, concealed
Page 807 and 808:
for “this is not an ordinary war,
Page 809 and 810:
the Russian rear guard. 12 General
Page 811 and 812:
inaccurate in describing events and
Page 813 and 814:
Shaped like a pentagon and some six
Page 815 and 816:
Many officers criticized Kutuzov’
Page 817 and 818:
Baggevout’s 2 nd Corps and Genera
Page 819 and 820:
left wing was tangibly weak in comp
Page 821 and 822:
attle and the actual number of the
Page 823 and 824: There was no hesitation on either s
Page 825 and 826: he, too, fell - this was the twenty
Page 827 and 828: Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 829 and 830: immediately launched a frontal coun
Page 831 and 832: On the northern flank, Eugene’s f
Page 833 and 834: Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 835 and 836: e moved back before order could be
Page 837 and 838: evening the French were in possessi
Page 839 and 840: In the midst of battle, Bagration w
Page 841 and 842: dramatically deteriorated. Being un
Page 843 and 844: eased the pain. His mood changed fr
Page 845 and 846: army. 144 Bagration unquestionably
Page 847 and 848: CONCLUSION The God of the Army - Ba
Page 849 and 850: Figure 19. Monument to Peter Bagrat
Page 851 and 852: of emotions in Bagration. Napoleon
Page 853 and 854: Highly gifted by nature, with “a
Page 855 and 856: BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Rossi
Page 857 and 858: delo 3161 - Deistvia russkikh v kam
Page 859 and 860: Al’tshuller R, Borodino: Dokument
Page 861 and 862: Butovsky, I., Feldmarshal kniaz Kut
Page 863 and 864: -----------------, Mémoires et cor
Page 865 and 866: “Iz donesenii Bavarskago poverenn
Page 867 and 868: ‘Materiali iz istorii Suvorova’
Page 869 and 870: Rossia i Shvetsia: dokumenti i mate
Page 871 and 872: Yermolov, Aleksey, Zapiski A.P. Erm
Page 873: Björlin, Gustaf. Finska Kriget 180
Page 877 and 878: Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexande
Page 879 and 880: Lettow-Vorbeck, Oscar von, Der krie
Page 881 and 882: Nakashidze, Nodar. Borodinos gmiri
Page 883 and 884: Polikarpov, N. 1799-1899. Bagration
Page 885 and 886: Six, Georges, Dictionnaire biograph
Page 887 and 888: Volodin, P. O roli i chislenosti Mo
Page 889 and 890: Dubrovin, Nikolay, “Russkaya zhiz
Page 891 and 892: Sandelius, Walter, “Dictatorship
Page 893 and 894: ANNEX Annex 1 - Song in Honor of Pr
Page 895 and 896: major 8 December 1793 Premier major
Page 897: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Mikaberidze, Al
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