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Map 52. Danubian Principalities in 1809-1810 493
Around 6:00 a.m. on 28 August, Bagration ordered a bombardment of the fortress with three batteries, while an additional battery was constructed on the right flank. 36 He ordered a flotilla to sail upstream to shell the town. Prince Peter wrote, “I also planned to arrange a [grand] battery to breach the walls and, if the enemy resisted, take the fortress by assault, even if it meant losing some three or four hundred men. It was of paramount importance [to take Macin] because the army could not have continued to advance without it.” 37 Late on 29 August, Bagration ordered a grand battery constructed to breach the walls. However, the Russian artillery fire had already destroyed most of the Turkish positions; one of the Russian projectiles incidentally blew up the gunpowder magazine in the fortress. The Turkish garrison was in utter confusion and surrendered on the evening of 29 August, agreeing to Bagration’s request for unconditional capitulation. 38 Bagration captured 338 men, 13 guns, 1,500 cannonballs and 8,000 pounds of gunpowder. 39 The Russian losses were around 200 killed and wounded. 40 Bagration boasted that he forced the Turks to accept unconditional surrender, which “the Turks had never agreed to before.” 41 Therefore, he spread the news of surrender throughout Moldavia and Wallachia. 42 Bagration described the fortifications of the fortress as “formidable” and added that “if garrisoned with sufficient troops, this fortress can resist twenty times 36 The Russian gunners destroyed three Turkish cannon. Bagration to Alexander, 31 August 1809, Correspondence of Bagration, 63. 37 Bagration to Alexander, 31 August 1809, Correspondence of Bagration, 63. 38 Bagration let Markov accept the surrender and Langeron criticized him for giving him such an honor. Markov was later awarded Order of Vladimir (2 nd class). Langeron, Recollections, Russkaia starina, 134 (1908): 682, 684. 39 Bagration to Alexander, 31 August 1809, Correspondence of Bagration, 64; Shirokorad, Russo-Turkish Wars, 366. Langeron referred to 328 captured, 13 guns, 500 muskets, 1,200 pistols, 80,000 cannon balls and numerous other ammunition. Recollections, Russkaia starina, 134 (1908): 681. 40 Langeron, Recollections, Russkaia starina, 134 (1908): 681. 41 Bagration to Alexander, 31 August 1809, Ibid., 64; Bagration to Kushnikov, 1 September 1809, Danubian Correspondence of Bagration, 26-27. 42 Bagration to Kushnikov, 1 September 1809, Danubian Correspondence of Bagration, 27. 494
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FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation
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the Russian archives. Robert Goetz
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures.
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Prince Pet
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30. Combat on the Northern Flank, f
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FOREWARD I faced several difficulti
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ABSTRACT This study explores the li
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participants of the 1812 Campaign.
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with a strong emphasis on the 1812
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Figure 1. Prince Peter Bagration in
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suppressed the main line of Bagrati
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Meantime, the Turks invaded Eastern
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another letter to Catherine asking
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Bagration’s enlistment in army is
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According to the record of Service,
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As he returned from the campaign, B
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not have hoped for a great career.
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more interested in Prussian and Aus
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The French mobilized up to 388,441
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General Suvorov joined the troops o
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campaigns they both served and kind
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expected to join the main forces. 3
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Map 1. Allied Movement from Mincio
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special decree recognizing the effo
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total, the French had some 28,000 m
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shouting, ‘Soldiers of Ismail, ar
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Bagration’s actions at Lecco. 78
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Map 3. Actions at Vaprio and Cassan
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and urged the destruction of the Fr
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was to occupy the fortress, if poss
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an ineffective handling of reconnai
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the Scrivia. He also moved Molchano
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eceived reinforcements and felt so
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order arrived. Suvorov wrote, “I
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Piedmont threatened the French supp
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eported that “Molchanov surrounde
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Although battle at Marengo was not
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This period showed a major weakness
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384 cannon, 20,000 muskets and vast
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At the same time, Bagration occupie
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Figure 3. Bagration as the advance
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general turns individually to the H
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from France to the Riviera. 14 Inte
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Suvorov was determined to leave a s
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The Allies first crossed the Bormid
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Map 6. Campaign of the Tidone and T
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia, 18 Jun
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across the Tidone and then turned n
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Map 7. First Day of Trebbia Campaig
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ordered to arrange divisions of the
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Bagration also described Suvorov’
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at Rivalta and made flanking maneuv
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Although Suvorov later reported tha
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French did not gain a step of groun
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Vasilievich arrived, [bringing] a b
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By 6:00 p.m., the Allies regained t
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Map 6. Campaign on the Tidone and T
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The battle on the Trebbia was one o
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CHAPTER IV Against Joubert Battle o
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withdrawn his forces to Novi, reinf
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Kray in besieging Mantua and Suvoro
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lines. 33 Meantime, Suvorov, despit
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protected one of the valleys that l
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a brief clash with the French. 49 S
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Map 9. Siege of Serravalle 1 - Line
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upper Orba and Scrivia. 67 Joubert
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Map 10. Joubert’s Offensive 114
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Map 11. Massing of Forces at Novi 1
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Kray silently approached the French
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However, Suvorov’s actions also i
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Novi, but then reached the stonewal
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counterattack and recaptured it. 10
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Map 12. Battle at Novi, 15 August 1
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The next morning, Suvorov intended
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Novi was a major victory for Prince
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effectively removed the Russians fr
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The major flaw of this plan lay in
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I kept my word and arrived here on
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Map 13. Suvorov’s Assault on the
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to allow the flanking columns to le
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killed and wounded 45 Bagration rep
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Map 14. From the St. Gothard to Ams
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the Reuss River, a remarkable feat
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local commanders about Suvorov’s
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Furious over what he regarded as Au
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etreated toward Germany, leaving be
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the bravery and self-sacrifice of m
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General Auffenberg’s troops (2,00
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In a fierce engagement, Bagration p
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movement and moved the Bagration J
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Early afternoon on 1 October Bagrat
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French. 117 But the main assault on
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The main Russian forces assembled a
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the battlefield. Prince Peter order
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etreated and lost three guns to Mol
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Map 19. Passage of the Panixer Pass
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the council of war of 18 October, h
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In early November, the Russian army
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Swiss Campaigns. Suvorov praised hi
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CHAPTER VI Life in St. Petersburg a
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[Suvorov] very weak… he lapsed in
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launch three new ships at the Admir
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Tsarskoe Selo, which reminded him o
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occasion chastised him for neglecti
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had dark; she was beautiful like an
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Figure 6. “Pink Pavilion” - Bag
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Bagration’s wife: Princess Ekater
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saw Catherine’s daughter, who car
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Isabey painted her rose-crowned and
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Alexander was very apprehensive for
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CHAPTER VII “Five Against Thirty
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alleged participation in the assass
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Hanover, and another 20,000 men und
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the column and attached the infirma
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obstacles we confront, we shall ove
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Bagration was at Wischau; the next
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To Kutuzov’s surprise, he soon re
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Map 22. Ulm Campaign, 6 October 180
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de Dieu Soult, Louis-Nicolas Davout
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marched under cold rain and snow. B
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Napoleon commanded 150,000 men agai
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Map 23. Pursuit to Vienna, 26 Octob
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tenacity and were saved by the time
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Miloradovich in case the French thr
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watching for an unlikely appearance
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Napoleon arrived at the front on 11
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prepare for another march. Bagratio
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Kutuzov were furious at Nostitz’s
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Once within sight of Schöngrabern,
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Napoleon received the word of the a
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against Major General Selikhov’s
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Bagration’s detachment made a gre
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The news of Bagration’s escape ca
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While Bagration fought at Schograbe
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his columns and reinforced Bagratio
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execution. To preserve the main bod
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deployed some 30,000 men of Murat
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However, Alexander and Francis disr
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Map 27. Allied Advance from Olmutz
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27 November at Proedlitz. The next
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However, Bagration found his forces
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advance in complete ignorance of th
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. Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 D
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men to the battlefield. These troop
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ordinary battle. I prefer to abando
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Map 29. Napoleon’s and Allied Pla
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forces, which were supposed to coop
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holding the French was on the right
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on the north side of the road with
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Map 30. Combat on the Northern Flan
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tide of success. 120 The Russian ca
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6 th Jagers at Holubitz before disl
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finally secured Holubitz and Kruh a
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Map 28. Battle of Austerlitz, 2 Dec
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Czeitsch and then abandoned the tow
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Austerlitz was a masterpiece of Nap
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cavalry was also badly mauled, loos
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idolized a character. He was dresse
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over Alexander. 191 Bagration’s a
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Guard Jager Battalion and began pre
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CHAPTER IX In the Blizzards of Pola
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etreating northward, Napoleon was a
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The Russian army advanced on 6 Janu
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By this time, Marshal Michel Ney ad
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January. 27 Next day, he reached Li
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Meantime, the Russian headquarters
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the main forces. 47 These actions,
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Map 34. Region Between Deutsch Eyla
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Napoleon was delighted by the news
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organization of the retreat. Yermol
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forces in pursuit of the Russians.
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Murat made another series of attack
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Simultaneously, the French corps we
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In the evening of 6 February, Benni
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One of the participants left a vivi
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About one mile in front of Eylau, B
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However, the initial attack in the
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Many French officers, including Gen
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he could not defend his positions a
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still managed to capture eagle of t
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Map 38. Battle of Eylau, 8 February
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Baptiste Milhaud covered both Frenc
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cannon or musket fire neither in th
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Page 373 and 374:
Serpallen. 192 The French would hav
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where he placed strong batteries to
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In addition, thousands of the soldi
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Gross Lauth and approached village
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under command of Ataman Platov. 237
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eloved be everyone and admired by a
Page 387 and 388:
Map 39. Friedland Campaign, 15 Marc
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advance guards on the Lower Passarg
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In April, strong reinforcements joi
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to attack Soult’s corps and preve
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At around 3:00 a.m. on 5 June, Bagr
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from the woods on the left flank. B
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Ney reconnoitered Bagration’s pos
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Ney made several stands on his marc
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As he made his stand on the banks o
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the failure of the maneuver at Gutt
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etreated without engaging. The Fren
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The Cossacks attacked but in a sava
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The Cossacks under Major General Pa
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moved by forced marches to Heilsber
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Bennigsen was unaware of the direct
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Map 43. Battle of Heilsberg, 10 Jun
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foot before receiving a horse from
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which friends and foes had during t
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Map 44. Friedland Campaign, 10-13 J
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Napoleon’s army as it marched to
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idges were constructed and addition
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Late in night on 13 June, Marshal L
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illusion of the arriving reinforcem
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Mortier’s corps also arrived on t
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withdrew his exhausted jagers allow
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The advancing French came under mur
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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Map 45. Battle of Friedland, 14 Jun
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imagined. Friends became foes to ea
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Map 46. Friedland Campaign, 14-19 J
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perhaps more terrible than the firs
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Friedland, where they found themsel
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Ingermanland) and part of Finland.
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along the coastline and twice he vi
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at Tavastheus (Hämeenlinna). One o
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A strong garrison of some 7,000 men
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efore the Swedes retreated to Tavas
Page 461 and 462: The fighting continued for over fou
Page 463 and 464: strong advance guard under Major Ge
Page 465 and 466: Map 47. Military Operations in Finl
Page 467 and 468: and to dispatch remaining forces 58
Page 469 and 470: entire coastline from Vaasa to Åbo
Page 471 and 472: The loss of the Åland Islands stun
Page 473 and 474: ubles for travel expenses from the
Page 475 and 476: on the southeast shore of Gulf of B
Page 477 and 478: Gustavus IV was further exasperated
Page 479 and 480: disorderly flight.” 106 General B
Page 481 and 482: for the expedition. 116 Knorring th
Page 483 and 484: one rubles is in fact worth 28 kope
Page 485 and 486: Map 50. Aland Islands 466
Page 487 and 488: The weather favored the Russians. I
Page 489 and 490: detachment, capturing nine guns and
Page 491 and 492: 19 March, Kulnev prepared his troop
Page 493 and 494: Map 51. Military Operations in Spri
Page 495 and 496: frozen Kvarken, 166 reached the vic
Page 497 and 498: The Russian army was ordered to re-
Page 499 and 500: Åland Islands already became a leg
Page 501 and 502: CHAPTER XII Campaign in the Danube
Page 503 and 504: Map 52. Danubian Principalities in
Page 505 and 506: Turks, who felt betrayed by the Fre
Page 507 and 508: looking for a younger and more vigo
Page 509 and 510: further deteriorated. He died at 5:
Page 511: August, Bagration dispatched Ataman
Page 515 and 516: Russian army now could take up posi
Page 517 and 518: Bagration provided his troops with
Page 519 and 520: Bagration concluded that Hozrev Meh
Page 521 and 522: the road from Constant, some ten mi
Page 523 and 524: Map 53. Battle of Rassevat, 16 Sept
Page 525 and 526: Turkish cavalry, 96 while Denisov
Page 527 and 528: Bagration was elated with this deci
Page 529 and 530: advance against Langeron. Therefore
Page 531 and 532: majesty’s wish though the quick a
Page 533 and 534: the troops to repulse the enemy sor
Page 535 and 536: The letters demonstrated Bagration
Page 537 and 538: CHAPTER XIII Conclusion of Bagratio
Page 539 and 540: conditions. 12 However, Bagration r
Page 541 and 542: Thus, Bagration was unable to conce
Page 543 and 544: To Bagration’s surprise, on 5 Oct
Page 545 and 546: additional forage. 34 Bagration was
Page 547 and 548: On 19 October, the Turkish army und
Page 549 and 550: dispatched Belorussian Hussars and
Page 551 and 552: killed and wounded, 200 captured wi
Page 553 and 554: Simultaneously, the Grand Vizier wi
Page 555 and 556: infantry battalions, and ordered hi
Page 557 and 558: campaign here, surrounded by the de
Page 559 and 560: the Danube can prevent these maneuv
Page 561 and 562: direct order from Alexander. 91 His
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partially destroyed during previous
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Turkish cavalry as “the best cava
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eceived from the Turkish reports of
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Bagration compared his situation wi
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sick to 150-200 men a day.” 126 B
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ideas at the councils and therefore
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army would spread confusion. He bel
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discontent after Kamensky’s very
Page 579 and 580:
efused to allow Prince Peter to ret
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commander-in-chief, Bagration reali
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Prince Peter then turned to Major G
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Isaev with two infantry regiments o
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spilling the blood of their innocen
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However, neither of these powers wa
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to sign a cease fire and negotiate
Page 593 and 594:
The planning for the join operation
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On 2 March 1810, Prince Peter gave
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compatriots in Bosnia and Albania.
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expenses. 68 Bagration criticized A
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harbors to any British ships. Furth
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Bagration, “You must persuade [th
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In addition to his involvement in t
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was in love with Philipescu’s dau
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In late January 1810, Bagration per
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devastating the region through thei
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Divans of Wallachia and Moldavia to
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and corrupt persons; so he had to c
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CHAPTER XV Defending the Western Fr
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lands. However, General Gardane rem
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impossible to return all of the lan
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The showdown of two great powers wa
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The major issue of contention betwe
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Napoleon was well aware of the diff
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Napoleon’s strategy was simple an
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suggested by the Minister of War Mi
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was assembled along a 50-mile front
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Map 56. Russian Campaign, 23 June 1
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characteristic timidity and indecis
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successes would “raise the high s
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campaign. Russia was ready to comme
Page 643 and 644:
more aware of the political affairs
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to a new area at Volkovysk and its
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Another order of Barclay de Tolly t
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they were deployed too close to the
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Map 58. Russian Deployment on 23 Ju
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your objectives…since the politic
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only from the 1 st Western Army, bu
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was completed. From the initial 49,
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armies. It gave the 2 nd Western Ar
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CHAPTER XVI The Retreat and First S
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direct route to Minsk from Vilna, a
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2 nd Western Army marched another t
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Map 59. Retreat to Slonim 649
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two columns. 26 He also anticipated
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Soldiers cut the tree brunches and
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July and then advance towards Voloz
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Bagration halted the crossing to th
Page 677 and 678:
None of these plans were implemente
Page 679 and 680:
The next day, the Cossacks crossed
Page 681 and 682:
drilled and equipped troops, Jérô
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Tell him [Jérôme] that it would b
Page 685 and 686:
To raise morale among the disconten
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Bagration, which described in gener
Page 689 and 690:
The 2 nd Western Army bivouacked fo
Page 691 and 692:
To aid the lancers, General Turno o
Page 693 and 694:
As he received Platov’s report ab
Page 695 and 696:
Ivanovich Platov not only delighted
Page 697 and 698:
Alexander criticized the movement o
Page 699 and 700:
I am not to blame for anything. Fir
Page 701 and 702:
By 12 July, the rearguard arrived a
Page 703 and 704:
Beresina and at 10:00 a.m. on 12 Ju
Page 705 and 706:
day. “If they [French] would not
Page 707 and 708:
Platov intended to meet and detain
Page 709 and 710:
The French suffered considerable lo
Page 711 and 712:
Figure 12. Prince Peter Bagration i
Page 713 and 714:
Map 66. Retreat to Moghilev 696
Page 715 and 716:
Barclay de Tolly and the 1 st Weste
Page 717 and 718:
Simultaneously, the Russian advance
Page 719 and 720:
Vorontsov will arrive by night. I u
Page 721 and 722:
At the same time, Davout began his
Page 723 and 724:
Map 68. Battle of Saltanovka, 23 Ju
Page 725 and 726:
inflicted heavy casualties. A Frenc
Page 727 and 728:
The Russians acknowledged 2,548 kil
Page 729 and 730:
Russians with his weakened army. 54
Page 731 and 732:
Map 60. Bagration’s Operations in
Page 733 and 734:
troops to prepare crossings over th
Page 735 and 736:
of Napoléon and save his army from
Page 737 and 738:
Figure 13. Chapel on the battlefiel
Page 739 and 740:
a fierce battle on 25-27 July at Os
Page 741 and 742:
In the meantime, Ataman Platov join
Page 743 and 744:
this feeling, based only on antipat
Page 745 and 746:
[Bagration], as no other commanders
Page 747 and 748:
Thus, the Russian senior officers g
Page 749 and 750:
Bagration is often portrayed as rec
Page 751 and 752:
informed about my movement to Smole
Page 753 and 754:
Bagration, had tremendous effect on
Page 755 and 756:
Indeed, the Quartermaster-General o
Page 757 and 758:
victory on his breaking through the
Page 759 and 760:
Figures 15. Bagration’s Comrades
Page 761 and 762:
urged the expediency of acting on t
Page 763 and 764:
Only prompt and decisive actions co
Page 765 and 766:
Lyadi with a strong detachment and
Page 767 and 768:
Though we know that the enemy troop
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emained idle on the Porechye route
Page 771 and 772:
Bagration also emphasized the criti
Page 773 and 774:
enemy forces against you [in the di
Page 775 and 776:
Map 69. Operations at Smolensk, 8-2
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The French 48 attacked before after
Page 779 and 780:
campaigns, was well aware of this.
Page 781 and 782:
August General Rayevsky had 10,000
Page 783 and 784:
Smolensk to give a battle and this
Page 785 and 786:
Map 70. Battle of Smolensk, 17 Augu
Page 787 and 788:
the two armies were not united, dec
Page 789 and 790:
important crossroad at Lubino was l
Page 791 and 792:
Meantime, Ney and Murat were engage
Page 793 and 794:
On 24 August the 1 st and 2 nd West
Page 795 and 796:
of the Russian generals, including
Page 797 and 798:
stronger. 120 He stressed the Frenc
Page 799 and 800:
complain. The army has not the leas
Page 801 and 802:
almost eliminated. No one could mor
Page 803 and 804:
the rank-and-file. The fact that he
Page 805 and 806:
example of subordination, concealed
Page 807 and 808:
for “this is not an ordinary war,
Page 809 and 810:
the Russian rear guard. 12 General
Page 811 and 812:
inaccurate in describing events and
Page 813 and 814:
Shaped like a pentagon and some six
Page 815 and 816:
Many officers criticized Kutuzov’
Page 817 and 818:
Baggevout’s 2 nd Corps and Genera
Page 819 and 820:
left wing was tangibly weak in comp
Page 821 and 822:
attle and the actual number of the
Page 823 and 824:
There was no hesitation on either s
Page 825 and 826:
he, too, fell - this was the twenty
Page 827 and 828:
Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 829 and 830:
immediately launched a frontal coun
Page 831 and 832:
On the northern flank, Eugene’s f
Page 833 and 834:
Map 73. Battle of Borodino, 7 Septe
Page 835 and 836:
e moved back before order could be
Page 837 and 838:
evening the French were in possessi
Page 839 and 840:
In the midst of battle, Bagration w
Page 841 and 842:
dramatically deteriorated. Being un
Page 843 and 844:
eased the pain. His mood changed fr
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army. 144 Bagration unquestionably
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CONCLUSION The God of the Army - Ba
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Figure 19. Monument to Peter Bagrat
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of emotions in Bagration. Napoleon
Page 853 and 854:
Highly gifted by nature, with “a
Page 855 and 856:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVAL SOURCES Rossi
Page 857 and 858:
delo 3161 - Deistvia russkikh v kam
Page 859 and 860:
Al’tshuller R, Borodino: Dokument
Page 861 and 862:
Butovsky, I., Feldmarshal kniaz Kut
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-----------------, Mémoires et cor
Page 865 and 866:
“Iz donesenii Bavarskago poverenn
Page 867 and 868:
‘Materiali iz istorii Suvorova’
Page 869 and 870:
Rossia i Shvetsia: dokumenti i mate
Page 871 and 872:
Yermolov, Aleksey, Zapiski A.P. Erm
Page 873 and 874:
Björlin, Gustaf. Finska Kriget 180
Page 875 and 876:
Deminski I., Pokhod Napoleona v Ros
Page 877 and 878:
Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexande
Page 879 and 880:
Lettow-Vorbeck, Oscar von, Der krie
Page 881 and 882:
Nakashidze, Nodar. Borodinos gmiri
Page 883 and 884:
Polikarpov, N. 1799-1899. Bagration
Page 885 and 886:
Six, Georges, Dictionnaire biograph
Page 887 and 888:
Volodin, P. O roli i chislenosti Mo
Page 889 and 890:
Dubrovin, Nikolay, “Russkaya zhiz
Page 891 and 892:
Sandelius, Walter, “Dictatorship
Page 893 and 894:
ANNEX Annex 1 - Song in Honor of Pr
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major 8 December 1793 Premier major
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Mikaberidze, Al
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