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130 MATERIAL ENGINEERING, STRUCTURAL STUDIES, DIAGNOSTICS The samples were fixed using a conductive glue and then coated with a thin layer of gold to reduce the charging which takes place during SEM observations [4]. Figure 1 presents the surface morphology of the investigated membrane. Average pore diameter measured by the use of SEM was 1.14±0.20 µm. In the majority of cases they have a round shape. Multiple pores can be seen. Figure 2 presents the results of tensile measurements for initial material (three samples signed 1-3) and for irradiated material (five samples signed 1-5). According to these diagrams we can determine the main parameters of material tensile properties: strain at brake [%], tensile stress [MPa] for each sample and average values for the investigated material. Fig.3. The strain at break of PET membrane – results of the tensile measurements vs. the UV irradiation time. The dependence of the UV irradiation dose on the strain at brake is presented in Fig.3. The strength of the membrane decreases with increasing irradiation time, i.e. with increasing dose. This means that the investigated material became significantly more brittle. The degradation of PET was provoked by absorbed UV light with wavelengths in the range of 310-320 nm. In the case when the time of UV irradiation increases up to 90 h under the same conditions, the membrane breaks without distortion of its channel structure and we obtain the cleavage without elastic deformations. Figure 4 illustrates the cross-section of a PET membrane with asymmetric pores subjected to Fig.4. The fractures of PET asymmetric membrane after 90 h UV irradiation. oxidative photodegradation under the UV irradiation in air during 90 h. The structure of selecting the layer near the membrane surface as well as the shape and sizes of channels are clearly seen. In the bulk of membrane, the high porosity can be seen at the same time. We can say that this membrane has a good productivity, dirt capacity and selectivity. In conclusion, we can find the dose of UV irradiation that ensures the fracture without elastic deformation. In the case when the time of UV irradiation increases up to 90 h, the PET membrane breaks without distortion of its channel structure. Thanks to Dr. Pavel Apel (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna) for present samples and Dr. Adam Presz (Unipress, Warszawa) for the help in SEM observations. References [1]. Sartowska B., Wawszczak D., Buczkowski M., Starosta W.: Radiat. Meas. 40, 2-6, 790-793 (<strong>2005</strong>). [2]. Spohr R.: Ion tracks and microtechnology. Principles and applications. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1990, 272 p. [3]. Apel P.Yu.: Radiat. Meas., 34, 559-566 (2001). [4]. Orelovitch O.L., Apel P.Yu., Sartowska B.: Mater. Chem. Phys., 81, 349-351 (2003). [5]. Orelovitch O.L., Apel P.Yu.: Microsc. Anal., 82, 11-13 (2003). [6]. Zhitariuk N.I., Fiderkiewicz A., Buczkowski M., Kovalev G.N., Orelovitch O.L., Zoltowski T.: Eur. Polym. J., 32, 1, 391-395 (1996).
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS 131 NUCLEONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ACCELERATORS LUCAS CELL AS A DETECTOR OF RADON DAUGHTERS IN AIR Bronisław Machaj, Jakub Bartak Radon daughters concentration in air is a direct indicator of the radiological hazard to human beings due to radon existence in the air. The knowledge on radon daughters concentration in the air is thus of vital importance. Radon as a natural radioactive marker existing in the air is used in investigations of movement and mixing of atmospheric air. Radon concentration in atmospheric air is much lower (5-15 Bq/m 3 ) than in dwellings and much higher sensitivity of measurement can be achieved by measuring radon daughters than radon itself. Standard procedure in measuring radon daughters is the deposition of radon progeny attached to dust aerosols on an air filter and then measurement of alpha radiation of deposited decay products. A new approach was made to measure radon decay products with a Lucas cell [1]. Lucas cell is a sensitive detector of alpha radiation. It is known daughter inside the Lucas cell. The Lucas cell for radon daughter measurement was modified as shown in Fig.1. Small active part φ54x10 mm for radon progeny measurement is limited by plate, Fig.2. Count rate, measured (broken line) and simulated (continuous line) on the same time scale. Count numbers at time intervals t 1 =1-12 min, t 2 =13-28 min and t 3 =29-40 min from broken curve processed gave the activities 218 Po=5.027, 214 Pb=0.5263 and 218 Bi=4.8845 dpm. Continuous curve corresponds to the above activities. window, and wall. The cell was installed in a radon monitor equipped with a photomultiplier tube with a photocathode connected to high voltage of negative polarity (-820 V, anode grounded). The radon monitor was then placed in a radon cham- Fig.1. Lucas cell for measurement of radon progeny: 1 – air inlet and outlet, 2 – pipe, 3 – plate covered with ZnS(Ag), 4 – cell transparent windows, 5 – wall covered with ZnS(Ag), 6 – flange. that radon daughters easily attach to the walls of a measuring cell. Radon progeny are positively charged thus connecting a photocathode of the photomultiplier tube to negative voltage and grounding the anode, helps to deposit radon Fig.3. Count rate of Lucas cell shown in Fig.1 at an airflow of 1.1 dm 3 /min.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2005 50 years in the
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CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION 9 MANA
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DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM, LEAD, COP
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NUCLEONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ACCEL
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GENERAL INFORMATION 9 GENERAL INFOR
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MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 11 MANA
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MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 13 •
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SCIENTIFIC STAFF 15 5. Danilczuk Ma
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RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, RA
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20 RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,
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EDUCATION 209 EDUCATION Ph.D. PROGR
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RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS 211
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RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS IAE
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LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT
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LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT
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AWARDS IN 2005 221 AWARDS IN 2005 1
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INSTRUMENTAL LABORATORIES AND TECHN
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INDEX OF THE AUTHORS 235 Lisowska H
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