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132 NUCLEONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ACCELERATORS ber and after radiation equilibrium was reached, the airflow 1.1 dm 3 /min was forced (sucked) through the Lucas cell and count rates were measured. The results of measurement and simulation are shown in Fig.2. The simulation was done employing radioactive series decay equations [2] and three interval count processing. The activities of radon progeny deposited inside the Lucas cell achieved from three interval data processing are: 218 Po=5.027, 214 Pb=0.5263 and 214 Bi=4.8845 dpm (dis per min) or 76.2, 7.9 and 74 Bq/m 3 for 218 Po, 214 Pb and 214 Bi, correspondingly. Estimated radon progeny in the air was 1540 Bq/m 3 , thus the efficiency of deposition and detection of 218 Po was estimated to be η=76.2/1540=0.05. Figure 3 shows the count rate at 10 min intervals from total radon progeny measured in a laboratory room at ground level within 65 h during weekend days. The count rate up to 130 counts/10 min was registered indicating a good sensitivity of the detector. References [1]. Lucas H.F.: Rev. Sci. Instrum., 28, 680-682 (1957). [2]. Evans R.D.: Radioactive – series decay. Chapter 15. In: The atomic nucleus. McGraw-Hill Company, 1970, pp.470-510. A GAUGE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF WOOD DENSITY MGD-05 Jakub Bartak, Bronisław Machaj, Piotr Urbański, Jan P. Pieńkos Wood density is an important parameter determining several properties of wood as: wood quality, mechanical resistance, charcoal production, transport cost, etc. [1]. General relations and definitions of density, specific gravity, moisture influence on wood density, density variation and chemical composition of wood are given in [2]. A short review of different methods for the measurement of wood density is given in [1]. Radiometric methods are based on attenuation of 241 Am gamma radiation, or measurement of backscattered 241 Am radiation [3,4]. Attenuation of gamma radiation is preferred as the attenuation is proportional to the density across the total wood thickness, whereas in backscattered geometry the surface layer has higher influence on density signal. Block diagram of the gauge in transmission geometry illustrating its principle of operation is shown in Fig. The gauge is designed for non routine measurements of board and plank wood in the field environment. Radiation source 241 Am (370 MBq) and Fig. Block diagram of wood density gauge. At the top, discrimination levels E1 and E2 against 241 Am differential spectrum are shown: Z – radiation source 241 Am, DR – wood sample, SS – scintillation probe, A – pulse amplifier, E1 – discrimination level of measuring channel, E2 – discrimination level of automatic gain control, PL1 – measuring channel pulse counter, PL2 – automatic gain control pulse counter, uP – microprocessor, PCA – digit-to-analog converter, ZWN – high voltage power supply, ZNN – low voltage power supply, RS – serial port RS232, USB – RS232 to USB converter, AK – battery, PAK – battery charger. a scintillation detector with NaI(Tl) (φ25x12 mm) are collimated with a 40 mm thick Pb collimator. Diameter of the collimator can be set at 5, 10 and 15 mm. The measuring head containing radiation source and scintillation probe fixed in a C form frame can be moved across the measured board up to 250 mm wide. The measuring head and measured wood are supported by a folding measuring table. Pulses from the scintillation probe after amplification and discrimination in E1 discriminator are counted in a pulse counter PL1 and are processed to get the density of wood and error of measurement. Up to 1000 measuring results are stored in the gauge memory. The measuring results stored in the memory are sent to an external laptop for computations of density contours. To control the gain of photomultiplier tube (PMT), count rate n1 and n2 is measured at E1 and E2 discrimination level and the ratio n2/n1 is checked. If the ratio is lower or higher than the value corresponding to the nominal gain, the gain of PMT is corrected by a decrease or increase in the PMT high voltage. The gain is automatically controlled by a microprocessor and a digit-to-analog converter. Wood density (ρ) and relative random error (s(ρ)/ρ) due to fluctuations of count rate are computed from the relations: s( ρ ) = ρ ln(n o / n) ρ= µ d [1/n o + 1/n]/ t µ dρ where: n o – count rate when no wood is placed between the source and detector; n – count rate when wood is between the source and detector (The n o and n are corrected for detector background and dead time of measuring channel.); µ – wet wood attenuation coefficient, µ=µ d +w(µ w -µ d ); µ d – dry wood attenuation coefficient; µ w – water attenuation coefficient; d – thickness of wood; t – counting time.
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS 133 References [1]. Macedo A., Vaz C.M.P., Pereira J.C.D., Naime J.M., Cruvinel P.E., Crestana S.: Holzforschung, 56, 2, 535-540 (2002). [2]. Eckelman C.A.: Wood moisture calculations. www.ces. purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-156.html. [3]. Laufenberg T.L.: Forest Prod. J., 36, 2, 59-62 (1986). [4]. Mankowski P., Gierlik E., Dzbeński W.: Badanie rozkładu gęstości drewna metodami radiometrycznymi. www.-rak.sggw.waw.pl/~1mankowski/r-gest-dr/r-gestdr.html (in Polish). APPLICATION OF THE BOOTSTRAP FOR ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS FROM INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON Ewa Kowalska, Piotr Urbański parisons of data obtained for the determination of iron in the reference material: Mixed Polish Herbs and Tea Leaves. Preparation of the material Fig.1. Cumulative distribution of the results of iron content in tea leaves: a – the whole set of 92 results; b – results for particular analytical methods: A0 – AAS general, A1 – AAS flame technique, E2 – AES (ICP), N1 – INAA (thermal neutrons). Investigations performed by some authors [1] have shown that statistical distribution of the results taken from interlaboratory comparisons often cannot be approximated by the normal probability function. In some cases, attempts to approximate them by other distribution functions (e.g. Weibull) also failed [2]. In such situations and organization of the interlaboratory comparison were performed by the Department of Analytical Chemistry (Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology) [5,6]. Fig.2. Box and whiskers plots of intercomparisons results for herbs (a) and leaves (b). nonparametric [3] or bootstrap method [4] for results evaluation should be used. Both the methods have been applied for interlaboratory com- In Figure 1, there are shown the data obtained for the determination of iron in the tea leaves. Since the attempt to approximate its distribution
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ANNUAL REPORT 2005 50 years in the
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CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION 9 MANA
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DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM, LEAD, COP
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NUCLEONIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ACCEL
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GENERAL INFORMATION 9 GENERAL INFOR
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MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 11 MANA
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MANAGEMENT OF THE INSTITUTE 13 •
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SCIENTIFIC STAFF 15 5. Danilczuk Ma
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RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, RA
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20 RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,
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EDUCATION 209 EDUCATION Ph.D. PROGR
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RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS 211
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RESEARCH PROJECTS AND CONTRACTS IAE
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LIST OF VISITORS TO THE INCT IN 200
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LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT
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LECTURES AND SEMINARS DELIVERED OUT
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AWARDS IN 2005 221 AWARDS IN 2005 1
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INSTRUMENTAL LABORATORIES AND TECHN
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INDEX OF THE AUTHORS 235 Lisowska H
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