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Working and Playing with SCRUM Erick Passos - IFPI - Teresina - PI - Brazil erickpassos@ifpi.edu.br Wandresson Araújo - Infoway - Teresina - PI - Brazil wan@infoway-pi.com.br Danilo Medeiros - Infoway - Teresina - PI - Brazil danilomedeiros@infoway-pi.com.br Pedro Santos Neto - UFPI - Teresina - PI - Brazil pasn@ufpi.edu.br Abstract—Software development is sometimes considered a boring task. To avoid this fact we propose an approach based on the incorporation of game mechanics into SCRUM framework, in order to change its use to a more amusing task, by taking advantage of the gamification trend. Gamification is applied to non-game applications and processes, trying to encourage people to adopt them. This work shows a suggestion of SCRUM gamification together with an evaluation of the proposed approach in a preliminary evaluation of a software house. The use of this concept can help the software industry to increase the team productivity in natural way. I. INTRODUCTION A software process is a set of activities with the goal of developing a software product. In general, software projects that are large, complex, poorly-specified, and involve unfamiliar aspects, are still particularly vulnerable to unanticipated problems. The software processes help to deal with these situations, anticipating alternatives and exposing all the tasks until the product completion. However, developers want more freedom. They do not desire to be guided by a bureaucratic process. They argue that this practice can limit their creativity. This fact was one motivation for the development of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development [2]. The Agile Manifesto motivates the creation of several software processes. Scrum, for instance, is one of the most used agile approach nowadays [3]. Scrum is a framework for project management commonly used as an agile software development model based on multiple small teams working in an intensive and interdependent way [4]. But many developers, even using Agile Methodologies, have dififculties to follow the required prescriptions. The problem related to this question is another: developing software is a challenging activity that is seldom regarded as fun. Just like many other types of activities, it can be organized as a set of hierarchical and partially ordered challenges that must be overcome, often requiring several different skills from developers, and lots of teamwork effort. Surprisingly, this is very similar to an abstract definition for games: activities in which a player must learn new skills, use and combine them to overcome challenges, getting rewards or punishments, depending on success or failure, respectively. In this work we propose the inclusion of game design concepts into the Scrum framework, in order to try to change the software development guided by Scrum in a fun task. We show that software development using Scrum is closely related to a game when the governing rules of both activities are concerned. We also present results from a preliminary evaluation from a real software development team, and a prototype of a tool to incorporate immediate feedback and game design features to Scrum-based project management tool. We understand that knowledge from the game academic community can contribute to other areas of applied research, and expect this work can inspire others to try this approach with different types of approaches. A. Contributions of the Paper The main contribution of the paper is to show that game design theory can be applied to other important real-world problems, such as Scrum framework. After a small survey about the important concepts related to this work, we present our contributions, which are summarized bellow: • Agamification approach to Scrum framework; • Results from a preliminary evaluation: we designed and evaluated individual and group achievements against historical data of a Scrum-based real-world development team; • A proposal for a Scrum-based tool that incorporates game design elements, such as immediate feedback and achievements. B. Related Work According to Takahasi [5], gamification is a trend nowadays. The technique can encourage people to perform chores that they ordinarily consider boring, such as completing surveys, shopping, or reading web sites. In this paper, we propose going beyond with the gamification concept, applying it not only to interactive media, but to real-world activities, in this particular case, in the software development guided by Scrum. An example of gamification in the software development context is the RedCritter Tracker 1 system. It is a software development task management tool that applies some mechanisms, like rewards and skill badges, after task accomplishments are achieved. Our proposal goes beyond the gamification of a tool, aiming to transforming the actual software development process into a game. 1 http://www.redcrittertracker.com 545
Visual Studio Achievements, a Visual Studio 2 plug-in, enables developers to unlock badges and compete against anothers developers for a place on a leader board based on the code they write, its level of sophistication, and the Visual Studio capabilities they used. This is another example of gamification applied to software development close to our approach. However, we extend it by suggesting not only a tool gamification, but also a process gamification and a preliminary evaluation analysing a real team. The idea of incorporating gamification concepts into the software development has started when we proposed the inclusion of game mechanics directly into a general software development process [8]. We have also specified a task management tool based on this proposal. Now we are specializing the approach to deal with a specific software process: Scrum. It is important to highlight that there are personal pages, like blogs, considering Scrum as a gamification of software development. This work is completely different: we are interested in the proposal of a formal Scrum gamification, together with a specification of a tool to support this task, and associated with a preliminary evaluation of the proposal in a real software development scenario. II. SCRUM Scrum is an agile framework for completing complex projects. Scrum originally was formalized for software development projects, but works well for any complex, innovative scope of work [4]. When using Scrum, requirements specified with the help of the Product Owner, generate a Product Backlog. This backlog is broken down into small features that can be delivered as working software during short development iterations, called Sprints. Work is pulled from the Product Backlog into a Sprint Backlog during a Sprint Planning Meeting. The Team must conclude the backlog during the sprint. Daily the team performs the Daily Scrum activities, including the updating of the Burndown chart. The sprint ends with a sprint Review and Retrospective, guided by the Scrum Master. The outcome ofa sprint is a deliverable that, ideally, can be released immediately after acceptance by the product owner at the sprint review meeting. Part of these tasks are presented in Figure 1. III. GAME DESIGN CONCEPTS The ultimate goal while transforming an activity into a game is to make it challenging and fun at the same time. Well designed game mechanics are the atoms that differentiate a fun game from other leisure activities such as reading. There are many definitions for game mechanics, but we’ll use the one proposed by game designer Daniel Cook [9], which is in turn based on Raph Kosters Theory of Fun [10], for the scope of this work: ”Game mechanics are rule based systems / simulations that facilitate and encourage a user to explore and learn the properties of their possibility space through the use of feedback mechanisms.” 2 http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/ Fig. 1. Scrum framework. In the process of designing gameplay rules, one has to consider that the challenges must be well balanced, since the brain stops enjoying challenges that are either too difficult or too easy to surpass. In this context, another element of game design that we wanted to bring to Scrum framework is the challenge-punishment-reward loop, which is closely related to the aforementioned definition of game mechanics. A. Achievements Achievements are a secondary scoring mechanism that measures the use of skills to solve the same type of challenge (normally a low level one). Often, achievements are computed using two approaches: repetition or rate. Repetition achievements are defined as the number of times the player uses a certain skill to solve the same type of challenge such as killing a certain type of enemy. Eq 1 shows a formula for this type of achievement, where n denotes the total number of times challenge c was tried, and f(c) is the value for its succeed function. Rate achievements are constrained to a scope, either the container challenge or a defined time slice, and normally measure the rate between succeeded against total attempts for a particular challenge. Eq 2 defines a formula for computing rate achievements. n∑ rep = f(c) (1) i=1 ∑ n i=1 rate = f(c) (2) n Repetition achievements are often awarded based on an approximate logarithmic scale, rendering each subsequent level increasingly more difficult to earn. For rate achievements, there are multiple levels as well, normally following a linear scale of thresholds, often rewarding the player with a medal: either a bronze, silver or gold, depending on the threshold reached. They are also cumulative, meaning that the player can collect more medals for subsequent scopes. B. Immediate Feedback A key aspect of (specially electronic) games is the use of immediate feedback to keep the player aware of his progress (or failures) through the challenges. It is desirable that this 546
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SEKE San Francisco Bay July 1-3 201
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Copyright © 2012 by Knowledge Syst
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The 24 th International Conference
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Zhenyu Chen, Nanjing University, Ch
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Riccardo Martoglia, University of M
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Poster/Demo Sessions Co-Chairs Fars
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Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness o
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Program Understanding Evaluating Op
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An Empirical Study of Execution-Dat
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Computer Forensics: Toward the Cons
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Modeling Bridging KDM and ASTM for
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A Mapping Study on Software Product
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A proposal for the improvement of t
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Panel on Future Trends of Software
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een available for analysis. Social
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The rest of this paper is orga nize
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Now we assume is given, we first pr
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“iphone” and “blackberry” a
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nique estimate the impact set based
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Figure 1. An example to illustrate
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trategy, the results should support
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Figure 1. System Architecture would
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Figure 2. Sequence Diagram of Train
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deployed on Android phone and runs
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the ontology information is only us
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Both kinds of axioms lead to an inh
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engineer and achieving requirements
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elicitation and the act ivities con
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Step 2. Step 3. 1.2. Use of Procedu
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Figure 6.b. Task: Cognitive Analysi
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original User’s Discourse / Speec
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II. RELATED WORK Business processes
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test, we did not find any significa
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For the indicator “requirements a
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the model checkers SPIN [8] and NuS
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allow for the presentation of syste
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the requirement or design phases sh
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using the CR estimates against the
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Data Set TABLE II. DATA SETS Artifa
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Figure 4. Relative Error in the Est
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Take basic requirements from user a
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sent Semantic Web Ontologies. It co
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The rest of the paper is organized
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and the risk level. Existing assess
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diagram could give developers an in
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Figure 2. Co
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• Sensor(Lexical): at the top and
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An Overview of the RSLingo Approach
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Figure 2. Overview of the RSLingo a
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DETECTING EMERGENT BEHAVIOR IN DIST
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Definition 2: For a set of MSCs M,
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Stability of Filter-Based Feature S
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Algorithm 1: Threshold-Based Featur
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MI KS GM AUC PRC S2N RUS35 RUS50 RO
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80
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82
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Cloud Application Resource Mapping
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Fig. 1. UML Collaboration Diagram m
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Fig. 2. UML Activity Diagram modeli
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An Empirical Study of Software Metr
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TABLE I SOFTWARE DATASETS CHARACTER
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1) Classifiers: In this study, soft
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Progressive Clustering with Learned
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IV. DATA SOURCES We have been worki
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meta-data we assign to indicate sig
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Multi-Objective Optimization of Fuz
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uilding FNNs that satisfy different
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VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The presen
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Generating Performance Test Scripts
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test duration(s) for the scenario(s
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which are composed by the name and
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A Catalog of Patterns for Concept L
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assisted solution for lattice analy
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The complete lattice of the class s
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Client-Side Rendering Mechanism: A
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JavaScript code directly within the
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Fig. 6. CPU usage percentage of pre
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may introduce the extra learning cu
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[9] but no validation is provided i
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One of the st udents from Group B t
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scribed by the equation: where η i
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4 Model Checking DPN We use HyTech
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Recommender systems are usually cla
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such as one week and gradually dete
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•
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146
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Enforcing Contracts for Aspect-orie
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Table 1. Behavioral Rules in LSD [9
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1 public privileged aspect Update {
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Towards More Generic Aspect-Oriente
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vals must be denoted by some notion
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Aspect-Orientation in the Developme
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Table II SELECTED PRIMARY STUDIES #
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Evaluating Open Source Reverse Engi
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Table 1. Candidate reverse engineer
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Some tools may perform the needed f
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Coordination Model to Support Visua
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this CMV approach we employee three
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colored according to the Gradient T
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Improving Program Comprehension in
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The method used to support and eval
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
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An Approach for Software Component
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properties. In particular, the foll
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Conference Dataset Anatomy Dataset
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equipment maintenance node may cont
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Online Anomaly Detection for Compon
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B. Monitoring Static Method Invocat
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undle which is responsible for pars
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An Exploratory Study of One-Use and
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Figure 1. Mindmap of Reuse Design P
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subject also caused outliers for re
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Choosing licenses in free open sour
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The important aspect is to provide
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that holds a model of each software
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Online Probability Application Char
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TABLE II THE PARAMETERS FOR THE HAR
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[10] N. Gunther, “Hit-and-run tac
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Section 5 d iscusses some related w
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model and the analysis results. The
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tree view of UML model, as show in
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II. BACKGROUND In this section, we
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Algorithm 2 MarkStatements function
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(a) printtok (b) printtok2 (c) sche
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Gupta extended HGS and proposed the
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manage intellectual knowledge with
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D. Manage Training When any trainin
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TABLE II. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EX
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B. Trace Semantics of DAP Fig. 1. A
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∀ [DR ′ ] []gen [; ] [D]□ [;
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transformation idea in MDA [13] . T
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MappingRule MappingTGtoHP { [Rule I
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executing a continuous transition,
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protocol of DATS we used is properl
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in Boolean search and reasoning has
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to be broken by expelling one of it
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where, among other things: 1. The t
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A never-ending language learner cal
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4. i 2 Learning(DEC, mex) via Bias
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4.4. An Illustrative Example Now le
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Evolutionary Learning and Fuzzy Log
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In addition to the rules, the knowl
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As described in the previous sectio
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the ontology hierarchy; learning a
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three different learning techniques
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TABLE IX. USING SVM FOR LEARNING tr
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Siemens set contains seven C progra
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The program tcas is not included be
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esults. To be more specific, they w
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According to IEEE [10], regression
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(a) Volatility (b) Complexity (c) R
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It mimics the test engineer knowled
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integrate the test results. • Aut
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No tify the cloud controller to get
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of execution-data classification. T
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Figure 1. Boxplots of average AUC r
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anches is more applicable than the
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To validate the proposed approach,
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contains broadcast of Subject to Ob
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S 1a=1; S 2b=5; cobegin { S 3read
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.
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298
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A functionality is the ability of a
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level); in UML/J2EE technology [11]
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• to provide a unified catalogue
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flexibility they provide to model s
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complete in zero-time, and thus hav
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figure assumes the experiment with
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could be a practical way of dealing
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and (iv) the reduced amount of line
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III.BUSINESS RULES FRAMEWORK FOR KN
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explanation for why the program wan
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A model introducing SOAs quality at
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there exist a hierarchical ranking
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Software as a Service: Undo Hernán
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operations consist in reinjection i
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stored. If event failure, external
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ensure users the trustworthiness of
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Patient Doctor Doctor Patient Direc
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going down at a time. This is a rea
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Decidability of Minimal Supports of
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A S 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
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satisfies R( D) R( C) S 1. Compa
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Automated Generation of Concurrent
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target of testing. A blackbox test
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sequence. Each t i θ i in the firi
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SAMAT -AToolforSoftware Architectur
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Figure 4. The SAM Hierarchical Mode
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High-level Petri net Place Place Ty
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verification and thus is often limi
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(r 1 r 2 ...r k ) 1 denotes Path [r
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Fig. 3. Example a 3-compound weakly
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necessary before verification. In t
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CTL formula as: AG (( jp EX( jp ad
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equirements level, like EA-Miner [1
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II. RESOURCE-ORIENTED WORKFLOW MODE
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eventually triggers a co mmon task.
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Input: A resource oriented workflow
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access control exists, the action i
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(ACCDA), is customized to address a
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ICrudSchema and shown in Figure 3.
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Connectors for Secure Software Arch
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Non-repudiation security service pr
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anAsynchronousCustomer InterfaceCon
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How Social Network APIs Have Ended
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OSN Social Feed Unique Features Con
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users can control the reach of thei
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Computer Forensics: Toward the Cons
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In 2009, Cohen et al. in [4] have o
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dcterms:contributor, dcterms:creato
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A Holistic Approach to Software Tra
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Figure 1. Figure 1 shows an overvie
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B. Case study in a proprietary proj
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Pointcut Design with AODL Saqib iqb
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system attributes, methods and exec
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Feature modeling and Verification b
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hasOptionalPart hasPart hasMandato
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A Context Ontology Model for Pervas
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Figure 1. UML view of the model. Th
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Figure 3. Architecture for deliveri
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Ontology-based Representation of Si
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Figure 2. Upper Ontology fragment f
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I2Sim simulation model was transfor
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An ontology-based approach for stor
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fying the equivalences between conc
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• Homonymy conflicts: occur when
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Automatic Generation of Architectur
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we dealt w ith the verticals rules.
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Towards Architectural Evolution thr
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different from replacing it, we dec
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Using FCA-based Change Impact Analy
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Table 2. Impact set of C1,C2,C5 cha
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Figure 3. The PF and PTS results fo
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Forecasting Fault Events in Power D
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which the airport data did not cont
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classified. Recall is the probabili
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Testing Interoperability Security P
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Figure 2. Overview of the Test Gene
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Objective Figure 4. Testing
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A New Approach to Evaluate Path Fea
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k v ( df i ) 0 , it means that the
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Model & Method Feasibility Evaluati
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Structural Testing for Multithreade
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adequate to another criterion. This
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480
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484
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A Tiny Specification Metalanguage W
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C. Syntax Extensions The expressive
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however, does not allow variables f
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derivation dependencies. The third
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Page 611 and 612: Using the Results from a Systematic
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created according to the preview re
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In our analysis, the “Government
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In the following, we present the re
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USE SCENARIO The application Vuelos
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[8] Mayhew, D., “The Usability En
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Interaction State Set Structure Dat
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B. Component Model Fig. 2 show s th
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As a continuation of our research w
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PROMETHEE methods [3] belong to a f
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comparison rule, a value of 1/9 is
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TABLE V: Supermatrix for the exampl
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for knowledge sharing. Based on str
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y applying hash functions to its su
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Empirical Validation of Variability
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III. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY In this sec
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Table III SPEARMAN’S CORRELATION
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A Mapping Study on Software Product
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most relevant sources in software e
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TABLE IV TOOL’S CLASSIFICATION AC
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[2] P. Clements and L. Northrop, So
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and future works. II. BACKGROUND ON
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System Advanced Standard Module A M
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Algorithm 1: Backtracking for MIN-A
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outcomes from such research fields,
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TABLE IV. CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS P
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contribution of each study was made
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assets, the plugin approach can be
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Figure 3: PlugSPL Feature Model Edi
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contributions from the several acto
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o Guideline 6.4: Softgoal dependenc
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descriptions must also b e configur
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It means that throughout the develo
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B. Instrumentation The experiment w
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• External Validity: W e have con
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II. THE PROPOSED TAXONOMY The taxon
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sub-dimension is categorized as, co
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A Proposal of Reference Architectur
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Figure. 1. Reference Architecture M
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A Variability Management Method for
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C. Correctness of configuration fil
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means patterns which are shown in s
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Tool Support for Anomaly Detection
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Figure 1. System overview of the SD
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Once the datasets were evaluated us
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Reconfiguration of Robot Applicatio
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data dependencies required for keep
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Spacemaker: Practical Formal Synthe
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Fig. 1. The ecommerce object model.
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Fig. 3. Mapping diagram for Figure
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A formal support for incremental be
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machine may be empty which should l
Page 727 and 728:
software, based on revised requirem
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A Process-Based Approach to Improvi
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Appropriate processes m ust support
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Figure 2. Reordered layers of the k
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Automatic Acquisition of isA Relati
Page 737 and 738:
III. VALIDATING THE DIMENSION HEADE
Page 739 and 740:
The table title and the dimension s
Page 741 and 742:
A light weight alternative for OLAP
Page 743 and 744:
i.d. subsets of cubes focused on se
Page 745 and 746:
Match production rules Enterprise S
Page 747 and 748:
A Tool for Visualization of a Knowl
Page 749 and 750:
other ontology visualization tools
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shown at Figure 5. Objectives are s
Page 753 and 754:
Rendering UML Activity Diagrams as
Page 755 and 756:
a = O1 → a → O2 b = O2 → b
Page 757 and 758:
ecordProblem → A → reproducePro
Page 759 and 760:
umlTUowl - A Both Generic and Vendo
Page 761 and 762:
The tool’s ability to deal with S
Page 763 and 764:
Elem. UML Example D 12 Harmonizing
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4) Associations: In the first test
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III. GRAPH REPRESENTATION OF CLASS
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as an add-in to popular UML m odeli
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742
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744
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746
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her necessities. However, the progr
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Figure 3. Global Log. of terms. The
Page 781 and 782:
two stages. The first stage is focu
Page 783 and 784:
754
Page 785 and 786:
756
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758
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With the GDUC approach, we can mode
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Figure 6. Three proposals containin
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764
Page 795 and 796:
766
Page 797 and 798:
Proactive Two Way Mobile Advertisem
Page 799 and 800:
information. If more than one adver
Page 801 and 802:
Users can al so publish adv ertisem
Page 803 and 804:
The COIN Platform: Supporting the M
Page 805 and 806:
A-3
Page 807 and 808:
Checking Contracts for AOP using XP
Page 809 and 810:
Maicon B. da Silveira, 112 Aldo Dag
Page 811 and 812:
Seyedehmehrnaz Mireslami, 70 Takao
Page 813 and 814:
Wei Zhang, 422 Wenbo Zhang, 188 Zhi
Page 815 and 816:
Desmond Greer Eric Gregoire Christi
Page 817 and 818:
Poster/Demo Presenter’s Index A A
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SEKE 2012 Proceedings - Knowledge Systems Institute

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