Exceptional Argentina Di Tella, Glaeser and Llach - Thomas Piketty

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Table 4 Relative Factor Endowments Country Capital/ Rank Land/ Rank Land/ Rank Skilled/ Rank Labor Capital Labor Unskilled Argentina 55.5 28 3.5 25 1944.4 5 0.81 33 Australia 148.1 10 3.7 23 5495.5 1 2.76 6 Austria 165.2 6 0.2 63 379.7 42 2.35 11 Benin 3.0 65 35.4 7 1073.1 13 0.11 66 Bolivia 9.4 57 10.4 15 974.4 15 0.41 46 Brazil 35.1 33 2.3 31 801.2 23 0.28 57 Cameroon 4.3 62 29.0 10 1243.7 11 0.15 63 Canada 140.4 14 2.2 32 3069.7 3 3.92 4 Chile 57.8 26 0.6 55 343.7 46 1.07 24 China 14.5 51 1.4 36 204.1 58 0.62 37 Colombia 18.4 47 0.9 44 160.2 62 0.46 43 Costa Rica 19.9 44 0.8 46 160.1 63 0.43 44 Denmark 144.4 12 0.6 56 855.7 21 2.13 12 Dominican Rp 20.6 43 1.3 38 275.6 52 0.38 48 Ecuador 26.3 39 1.3 41 335.3 47 0.59 38 Egypt 11.1 55 1.4 37 154.7 64 0.56 40 El Salvador 11.9 54 2.5 29 293.7 51 0.24 58 Finland 144.5 11 0.6 54 886.6 19 2.38 10 France 152.2 9 0.5 59 712.5 30 1.25 20 Greece 85.7 23 0.7 49 584.6 34 0.90 29 Iceland 125.7 17 0.0 72 48.0 72 1.21 21 India 7.6 58 6.1 18 463.8 39 0.29 56 Indonesia 16.1 49 1.5 35 237.5 54 0.37 50 Ireland 104.4 21 0.6 52 663.9 31 1.78 15 Israel 138.7 15 0.1 67 150.6 65 1.61 16 Italy 153.1 8 0.2 62 369.9 43 0.88 31 Jamaica 24.5 40 0.7 50 165.0 61 0.73 35 Japan 184.8 5 0.0 71 72.8 71 2.56 8 Kenya 4.2 63 10.9 14 454.8 40 0.18 60 Korea Rep. 241.5 1 0.1 69 180.9 60 3.05 5 Malawi 1.6 69 30.7 9 495.4 37 0.05 69 Malaysia 57.6 27 0.4 61 209.6 57 1.02 25 Mexico 44.8 29 1.6 33 729.3 28 0.68 36 Mozambique 1.2 71 46.1 5 558.5 35 0.03 72 Nepal 7.0 59 4.3 22 300.4 50 0.18 61 Netherlands 142.8 13 0.1 68 121.3 68 2.07 14 New Zealand 111.8 19 0.8 48 866.1 20 2.11 13 Nicaragua 15.4 50 8.8 16 1349.3 8 0.34 53 Norway 185.3 4 0.2 65 402.4 41 6.87 2 Pakistan 10.3 56 5.1 20 527.8 36 0.20 59 Panama 36.3 32 1.3 40 471.3 38 0.93 28 Paraguay 18.8 46 7.9 17 1488.3 7 0.36 51 Peru 23.6 41 1.5 34 360.7 44 1.02 26 Philippines 16.1 48 1.3 39 209.6 56 1.16 23 Portugal 88.0 22 0.4 60 344.8 45 0.38 49 Romania 29.5 37 3.2 26 938.1 17 2.69 7 Senegal 2.9 66 24.8 11 721.1 29 0.09 68 Singapore 202.9 3 0.0 73 0.5 73 1.44 17 South Africa 19.8 45 4.3 21 854.0 22 1.38 19 Spain 113.4 18 0.7 51 751.7 26 0.88 30 Sri Lanka 12.3 53 1.0 43 117.1 69 0.81 32 Sweden 132.1 16 0.5 58 632.1 33 4.08 3 Switzerland 203.2 2 0.1 70 112.7 70 2.45 9 Togo 3.2 64 46.7 4 1506.6 6 0.16 62 Trinidad 62.8 24 0.2 64 140.0 66 0.95 27 Tunisia 33.9 35 2.9 27 981.3 14 0.30 54 Turkey 31.1 36 3.7 24 1150.5 12 0.29 55 Uganda 0.9 73 72.7 2 650.8 32 0.12 65 UK 111.0 20 0.2 66 219.3 55 1.39 18 Uruguay 39.9 30 2.4 30 961.0 16 0.81 34 USA 159.5 7 0.8 45 1309.6 9 8.71 1 Venezuela 35.0 34 0.8 47 274.2 53 0.38 47 Source: Cusolito and Lederman (2009). 40
Table 5 Mean Share of Exports (Imports) during 1970-2005 Sector 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2006 Export Import Export Import Export Import Export Import Agriculture 0.555 0.049 0.495 0.039 0.372 0.033 0.302 0.026 Processed Food 0.154 0.013 0.158 0.014 0.164 0.024 0.165 0.018 Mineral Products 0.007 0.139 0.046 0.133 0.105 0.052 0.189 0.061 Chemical Products 0.033 0.141 0.045 0.180 0.049 0.146 0.057 0.193 Plastics 0.005 0.039 0.013 0.053 0.019 0.060 0.032 0.074 Leather 0.046 0.000 0.046 0.001 0.044 0.003 0.027 0.004 Wood 0.012 0.074 0.010 0.039 0.019 0.044 0.020 0.040 Textiles 0.066 0.020 0.050 0.027 0.039 0.041 0.015 0.037 Footwear 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.006 Stone 0.003 0.013 0.004 0.013 0.008 0.012 0.004 0.011 Metals 0.032 0.178 0.067 0.093 0.050 0.059 0.043 0.057 Machinery 0.052 0.251 0.044 0.295 0.054 0.319 0.045 0.277 Transport 0.026 0.046 0.014 0.060 0.059 0.131 0.072 0.132 Source: Argentine trade policy data collected by the authors. See text. 41
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Exceptional Argentina Di Tella, Gla
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A third explanation of Argentina’
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Maddison's "Western Offshoots" by l
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A final point on this mechanistic a
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GDP in 1900 at 12,100 (in constant
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nationalized railways and banks, to
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country interacted with initial con
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1900. As there is an extremely stro
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Between the 1940s and 1970s income
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particularly in terms of food consu
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Even before the 2001 crisis, Argent
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Scandinavia and Northern Europe the
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Figure 4. A modified Human Developm
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Figure 6. Per capita GDP across Arg
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production 15 . Moreover, beyond st
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Figure 10. Average weight of export
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etween the prewar export-led growth
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which was wholly bound to local dem
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protectionism", certainly stronger
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agricultural pastures and cropland
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far. Argentina's differential popul
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Appendix Figure A. 1. Argentina's r
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Peru 35 38 25 34 34 34 32 29 26 27
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Like the Llach paper, the Campante
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I. Introduction Both Buenos Aires a
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across the ocean. Over the course o
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Buenos Aires’ hinterland rose dra
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significantly greater education lev
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Why is there such a difference in l
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illion dollars today). Each Chicago
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Chicago also appears to have been a
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casualties. Roca secured the presid
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capital to St. Petersburg he was pr
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and the logarithm of per capita GDP
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Moreover, years of schooling today
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y its overwhelming political import
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200 Figure 2a: Annual Wage Data 187
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Figure 3: Real Monthly Wages in Chi
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Log GDP per capita 2000 5 6 7 8 9 1
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Figure 7 Log GDP per capita 2000 7
Page 81 and 82: Table 2: Top 5 Industries in Chicag
Page 83 and 84: Table 4: 19th Century Variables and
Page 85 and 86: A simple calculation suggests that
Page 87 and 88: toy model with a minimum of paramet
Page 89 and 90: were lifted, but import taxes remai
Page 91 and 92: to compute that the MPK term above
Page 93 and 94: versus foreigners, on most occasion
Page 95 and 96: X institutions policies income p
Page 97 and 98: series variation. The coincidence o
Page 99 and 100: Figure 1—The Great Divergence and
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3—Trade taxes
Page 103 and 104: Transition Remarks The previous ess
Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER FOUR Argentine Trade Polici
Page 107 and 108: Argentine comparative advantage lie
Page 109 and 110: thousands of product lines in Argen
Page 111 and 112: Japan). Third, the agricultural pro
Page 113 and 114: different preferences over trade pr
Page 115 and 116: two nomenclatures had to be manuall
Page 117 and 118: esult, soybeans were finally adopte
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 Trade Openness Exports + I
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5 Relative Sectoral Protecti
Page 123 and 124: Figure 7 Average Export Taxes 0 10
Page 125 and 126: Figure 9 Average Export Taxes at 2-
Page 127 and 128: Figure 11 Evolution of Argentine Ag
Page 129 and 130: Figure 13 Yields in Agriculture: Wh
Page 131: Table 2 Livestock per Capita 1895 C
Page 135 and 136: Table 7 Tariff Statistics for perio
Page 137 and 138: Table 9 Evolution of Industrial Pro
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER FIVE Path-Dependent Import-
Page 141 and 142: actors, and they were demanding pro
Page 143 and 144: the primary sector, using land and
Page 145 and 146: Figure 1: The Long Run: Four Region
Page 147 and 148: Finally, in the reversal of pattern
Page 149 and 150: Figure 3: Medium Run Preferences ov
Page 151 and 152: sector to give rise to a protection
Page 153 and 154: technological improvements or incre
Page 155 and 156: Argentina did relatively well when
Page 157 and 158: World War, a second globalization e
Page 159 and 160: Argentine primary sector and ensure
Page 161 and 162: Clearly, world market conditions we
Page 163 and 164: for the years to come. The most imp
Page 165 and 166: governments zigzagged in their poli
Page 167 and 168: public spending on infrastructure s
Page 169 and 170: understand the rise of the urban-ru
Page 171 and 172: To sum up, by the beginning of the
Page 173 and 174: has a comparative advantage in the
Page 175 and 176: L λ = m L K κ = m K That is, λ i
Page 177 and 178: K c a = 1− α 1−α T A ( κ )
Page 179 and 180: Given a set of parameters ϒ , φ a
Page 181 and 182: consumption of good i. For any agen
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Proposition 3 In the short run, pro
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ρ 1/ 1 ρ ρ 1 ( ξ ξ ) 1 TT K ,
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Up to 2008, the FPV government had
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negative correlation between the pr
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policies would, supposedly, eviscer
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I. Introduction In a seminal study,
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terms, Peronist beliefs in the 1990
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Several authors have emphasized the
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foreign capital and trade as the gl
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of already available information. A
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having the need to do more than wak
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Argentines (who implement these pol
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opinion about elements of capitalis
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intense (the proportion is under 1.
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involved in social ordering that wi
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cost of the deviating firm, since w
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Admissible Region Bounds on w b Nex
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The previous proposition may be par
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and note that Peron insists on the
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Appendix 2: Definitions of Variable
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Table II: The Beliefs of Peronists
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Transition Remarks The previous cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN A Short Episodic Hist
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the income distribution between 193
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empirical evidence and on existing
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of commodities. The country was off
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accounts increased by 8% between 19
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Argentina in 1942 (4.1%) is not ver
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This change in inequality is also r
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1982, when Mexico’s default on it
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1995. While growth bounced back qui
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The main characteristics of this ep
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skilled workers that more than offs
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Household Expenditure Survey. An in
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The relationship between internatio
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machinery and equipment can acceler
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occurred not only in production tec
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a relative abundance of rents to sh
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even when the number of well-off in
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and similar patterns emerge when co
Page 263 and 264:
This chapter described the level an
Page 265 and 266:
Transition Remarks Economic success
Page 267 and 268:
CHAPTER EIGHT Why do Argentines tru
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in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite the
Page 271 and 272:
Figure 5. Percentage of the populat
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analysis of the Argentinean and Chi
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observationally equivalent individu
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the low rank policeman. 13 4. The C
Page 279 and 280:
Figure 7. Share of people having a
Page 281 and 282:
6. Why did the Argentinean Police d
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instability, σ, a worried leader h
Page 285 and 286:
the deeper question of why the Arge
Page 287 and 288:
Table 2. Comparative facts for cano
Page 289 and 290:
of formal education, whereas in the
Page 291 and 292:
only bargaining tool to get money.
Page 293 and 294:
Table 6. Tierra del Fuego Subinspec
Page 295 and 296:
4. Police deaths during the 20th ce
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Of course, these conclusions depend
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“stop go” dynamics 4 ). In fact
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income distribution and earnings gr
Page 303 and 304:
Figure 2. Basic Statistics Food Clo
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Table 2 Dep. Var.: Share of food Sm
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Figure 3. Variety in food retailing
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Table 3 Dep. Var.: Share of food at
Page 311 and 312:
3.3 Income distribution effects The
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Figure 6. Individual Effects Using
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Expenditure Income 5000 6000 4000 4
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Figure 10. Income distribution Dens
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Appendix A: Estimation strategy Est
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w ijt where [ ln( 1+ ∏ ) − ln(
Page 323 and 324:
2.2 Income distribution effects Fol
Page 325 and 326:
Appendix B: The data To run our est
Page 327 and 328:
Appendix C: Additional tables C1: B
Page 329 and 330:
C3: Table 3 coefficients Dummy for
Page 331 and 332:
CONCLUSION 20 th century Argentina
Page 333 and 334:
can be harbingers of worse things t
Page 335 and 336:
Ahumada, Hildegart, Alfredo Canaves
Page 337 and 338:
Barro, Robert J. 2005. “Rare Even
Page 339 and 340:
Burzaco, Eugenio et al. 2004. “Ma
Page 341 and 342:
Cortés Conde, Roberto and María M
Page 343 and 344:
Di Tella, Rafael, Juan Dubra and Ro
Page 345 and 346:
Gaggero, Horacio and Alicia Garro.
Page 347 and 348:
Gerchunoff, Pablo, Fernando Rocchi
Page 349 and 350:
James, Daniel. 1988. “October 17
Page 351 and 352:
Maddison, Angus. 2006. The World Ec
Page 353 and 354:
Piketty, T. 2003. “Income Inequal
Page 355 and 356:
Spiller, Pablo and Mariano Tommasi.
Page 357:
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1995. “The
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