PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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164 Chapter 5. Constructive quadric geometry to study variations caused by changing these parameters without duplicating the input file. Comments can be written at the end of each line, at the right of the last keyword or after the closing parenthesis of numerical fields. • The format of the data set of a surface defined in reduced form is the following, 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( I3) TEXT DESCRIBING THE SURFACE ... INDICES=(I2,I2,I2,I2,I2) X-SCALE=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=1.0) Y-SCALE=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=1.0) Z-SCALE=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=1.0) OMEGA=( E22.15 , I3) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=( E22.15 , I3) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=( E22.15 , I3) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ◦ Surface parameters are optional and can be entered in any order. Default values are assigned to parameters not defined in the input file. Thus, to define an elliptic cylinder centred on the z-axis, only the parameters X-SCALE and Y-SCALE are required. Notice that scale parameters must be greater than zero. ◦ The I3 value following each parameter must be set equal to zero (or negative) to make the parameter value effective. When this field contains a positive integer IP, the parameter is set equal to the value stored in the IP-th component of the array PARINP, an input argument of subroutine GEOMIN (see section 5.6). This permits the user to modify the geometry parameters from the MAIN program. • Limiting surfaces can also be defined in implicit form. When a quadric surface is defined in this way, the indices must be set to zero; this switches the reading subroutine GEOMIN to implicit mode. The format of an implicit surface data set is 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( I3) TEXT DESCRIBING THE SURFACE ... INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) AXX=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXY=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXZ=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYY=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYZ=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZZ=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AX=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AY=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZ=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) A0=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ◦ Surface parameters are optional and can be entered in any order. The default value 0.0 is assigned to parameters not defined in the input file. ◦ The I3 value following each parameter must be negative or zero to make the parameter value effective. Otherwise, its actual value will be set by subroutine GEOMIN.
5.4. Geometry definition file 165 • The format of a body data set is 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( I3) TEXT DESCRIBING THE BODY ... MATERIAL( I3) SURFACE ( I3), SIDE POINTER=(I2) SURFACE ( I3), SIDE POINTER=(I2) ... BODY ( I3) BODY ( I3) ... 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ◦ The indicator of each material (2nd line) must agree with the convention adopted in penelope. Void inner volumes can be described as material bodies with MATERIAL set to 0. ◦ A line is required to define each limiting surface, with its side pointer, and each limiting body. Limiting surfaces and bodies can be entered in any order. ◦ Bodies are assumed to be defined in ascending order so that, in principle, it would not be necessary to declare the limiting bodies. However, to speed up the calculations, it is required to declare explicitly all the elements (surfaces and bodies) that actually limit the body that is being defined. Omission of a limiting body will cause inconsistencies unless the materials in the limiting and the limited bodies are the same. • The format for the definition of a module is the following: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 MODULE ( I3) TEXT DESCRIBING THE MODULE... MATERIAL( I3) SURFACE ( I3), SIDE POINTER=(I2) SURFACE ( I3), SIDE POINTER=(I2) ... BODY ( I3) BODY ( I3) ... MODULE ( I3) MODULE ( I3) ... 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=( E22.15 , I3) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=( E22.15 , I3) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=( E22.15 , I3) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=( E22.15 , I3) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ◦ The material (which must be explicitly declared) fills the cavities of the module. As in the case of bodies, MATERIAL = 0 corresponds to vacuum. ◦ The limiting surfaces must define a connected volume. All inner bodies and modules (submodules) must be declared. Notice that these cannot extend outside the module’s volume and that a submodule cannot overlap with the other submodules and bodies. ◦ Limiting surfaces, inner bodies and submodules can be entered in any order. ◦ The enclosure of the system can be defined as a module (the last in the geometry file). The enclosure must contain all modules and all bodies that do not belong to modules. Otherwise, the subroutines will define a new enclosure (a sphere with
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
Page 125 and 126: 3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
Page 127 and 128: 3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
Page 129 and 130: 3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
Page 131 and 132: 3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
Page 133 and 134: 3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
Page 139 and 140: 4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
Page 141 and 142: 4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
Page 143 and 144: 4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
Page 145 and 146: 4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
Page 147 and 148: 4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
Page 149 and 150: 4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
Page 151 and 152: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 159 and 160: 4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185 and 186: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
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m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
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Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
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B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
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B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
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Appendix C Electron/positron transp
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
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Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
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Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
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Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
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Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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