PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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240 Bibliography Seltzer S.M. and M.J. Berger (1986), “Bremsstrahlung energy spectra from electrons with kinetic energy 1 keV–10 GeV incident on screened nuclei and orbital electrons of neutral atoms with Z = 1–100”, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 35, 345–418. Sempau J., E. Acosta, J. Baró, J.M. Fernández-Varea and F. Salvat (1997), “An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 132, 377–390. Sempau J., J.M. Fernández-Varea, E. Acosta and F. Salvat (2003), “Experimental benchmarks of the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 207, 107–123. Sevier K.D. (1972), Low Energy Electron Spectrometry (Wiley Interscience, New York). Shiles E., T. Sasaki, M. Inokuti and D.Y. Smith (1980), “Self-consistency and sum-rule tests in the Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical data: applications to aluminum”, Phys. Rev. B 22, 1612–1628. Snyder W.S., M.R. Ford, G.G. Warner and H.L. Fisher Jr. (1969), “Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom”, MIRD Pamphlet No. 5, J. Nucl. Med. 10, suppl. No. 3, 5–52. Statham P.J. (1976), “The generation, absorption and anisotropy of thick-target bremsstrahlung and the implications for quantitative energy dispersive analysis”, X-Ray Spectrom. 5, 154–168. Sternheimer R.M. (1952), “The density effect for the ionization loss in various materials”, Phys. Rev. 88, 851–859. Sternheimer R.M., S.M. Seltzer and M.J. Berger (1982), “Density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles in various substances”, Phys. Rev. B 26, 6067–6076. Erratum: ibid. 27 (1983) 6971. Titus F. (1970), “Measurements of the energy response functions of scintillators for monoenergetic electrons”, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 89, 93–100. Tofterup A.L. (1986), “Theory of elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons emitted from solids: energy spectra and depth profiling in XPS/AES”, Surf. Science 167, 70–100. Tsai Y.S. (1974), “Pair production and bremsstrahlung of charged leptons”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 815–851. Walker A.J. (1977), “An efficient method for generating discrete random variables with general distributions”, ACM Trans. Math. Software 3, 253–256. Walker D.W. (1968), “Spin polarization in electron scattering from molecules”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 827–828. Walker D.W. (1971), “Relativistic effects in low energy electron scattering from atoms”, Adv. Phys. 20, 257–323. Wentzel G. (1927), “Zwei Bemerkungen über die Zerstreuung korpuskularer Strahlen als Beugungserscheinung”, Z. Phys. 40, 590–593.
Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968), “Calculations of electron spin polarization for electron-molecule collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 829–831. Zerby C.D. (1963), “A Monte Carlo calculation of the response of gamma-ray scintillation counters”, in Methods in Computational Physics, vol. 1, eds. B. Alder, S. Fernbach and M. Rotenberg (Academic Press, New York) pp. 89–134. Zheng-Ming L. and A. Brahme (1993), “An overview of the transport theory of charged particles”, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 673–703.
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
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Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
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4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
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4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
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4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
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4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
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4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
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4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
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4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
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4.3. Combined scattering and energy
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4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
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Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
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5.1. Rotations and translations 155
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5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
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5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
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5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
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5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
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5.4. Geometry definition file 165
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5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
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5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
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5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
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5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
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5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
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Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
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6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
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6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
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6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
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6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
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G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
Page 237 and 238: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 239 and 240: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 241 and 242: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 243 and 244: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
Page 249 and 250: Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
Page 251: Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
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