PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

More documents

Recommendations

Info

194 Chapter 6. Structure and operation of the code system PENCYL delivers detailed information on the transport and energy deposition, which includes energy and angular distributions of emerging particles, depth-dose distribution, depth-distribution of deposited charge, distributions of deposited energy in selected materials and 2D (depth-radius) dose and deposited charge distributions in selected bodies (cylinders). PENCYL can be directly used to study radiation transport in a wide variety of practical systems, e.g. planar ionization chambers, cylindrical scintillation detectors, solid-state detectors and multilayered structures. 6.2.3 Program PENDOSES This MAIN program provides a practical example of simulation with complex material structures (quadric geometry only). It assumes a point source of primary particles at a given position r 0 =(X0, Y0, Z0) which emits particles in directions uniformly distributed in a cone with (semi)aperture SALPHA and central axis in the direction (STHETA, SPHI) [the same direction distribution assumed in the code PENCYL]. The geometry of the material system is described by means of the package pengeom (chapter 5). PENDOSES computes only the average energy deposited in each body per primary particle. With minor modifications, it also provides the probability distribution of the energy deposited in selected bodies or groups of bodies. It is a simple exercise to introduce a spatial grid, and the corresponding counters, and tally spatial dose distributions. Any future user of penelope should become familiar with the programming details of PENDOSES before attempting her/his own application of penelope. 6.2.4 Running the PENCYL program The programs PENSLAB, PENCYL and PENDOSES operate in a similar way. They all read data from a corresponding input file and output the results in a number of files with fixed names 1 . The input files also have similar structures and formats. For concreteness, here we describe that of PENCYL, which is the most versatile of the example programs. Each line in the input data file of PENCYL consists of a 6-character keyword (columns 1-6) followed either by numerical data (in free format) or by a character string, which start at the 8th column. Keywords are explicitly used/verified by the program (which is case sensitive!). Notice also that the order of the data lines is important. The keyword “------” (6 blanks, which we have denoted by “-”) indicates comment lines, these can be placed anywhere after the end of the geometry definition list. The program ignores any text following the first blank after the last numerical datum, or after the character string, in each line (thus, in the table given below, the comments in square brackets are ignored by the program). Lines with certain keywords (e.g., “SPECTR”) can appear an arbitrary number of times, limited only by the allocated amount of memory. The program assigns default values to many input variables; lines that declare default values 1 Warning: The programs overwrite older output files that are left in the working directory. You should save all result files on a separate directory before running the program again.
6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 195 may be removed from the input file. Notice that the default source is a pencil beam that moves upwards along the z-axis. • Structure of the PENCYL input file (the 72-column rulers are just for visual aid, they do not form part of the input file) ....+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7.. TITLE Title of the job, up to 65 characters. GSTART >>>>>>>> Beginning of the geometry definition list. LAYER ZLOW,ZHIG [Z_lower and Z_higher] CENTRE XCEN,YCEN [X_centre and Y_centre] CYLIND M,RIN,ROUT [Material, R_inner and R_outer] GEND > Source definition. SKPAR KPARP [Primary particles: 1=electron, 2=photon, 3=positron] SENERG SE0 [Initial energy (monoenergetic sources only)] SPECTR Ei,Pi [E bin: lower-end and total probability] SEXTND KL,KC,RELAC [Extended source in KL,KC and rel. activity conc.] STHICK STHICK [Source thickness] SRADII SRIN,SROUT [Source inner and outer radii] SPOSIT SX0,SY0,SZ0 [Coordinates of the source centre] SDIREC STHETA,SPHI [Beam axis direction angles, in deg] SAPERT SALPHA [Beam aperture, in deg] >>>>>>>> Material data and simulation parameters. NMAT NMAT [Number of different materials, .le.10] SIMPAR M,EABS(1:3,M),C1,C2,WCC,WCR [Sim. parameters for material M] PFNAME filename_0.ext [Material definition file, 18 characters] >>>>>>>> Counter array dimensions and pdf ranges. NBE NBE,EMIN,EMAX [No. of energy bins, and E-interval] NBTH NBTH [No. of bins for the polar angle THETA] NBPH NBPH [No. of bins for the azimuthal angle PHI] NBZ NBZ [No. of bins for the Z-coordinate] NBR NBR [No. of radial bins] NBTL NBTL,TLMIN,TLMAX [No. of track-length bins and TL-interval] >>>>>>>> Additional distributions to be tallied. ABSEN MAT [Tally the distr. of absorbed E in material MAT] DOSE2D KL,KC,NZ,NR [Tally 2D dose and charge distribs. in body KL,KC] >>>>>>>> Interaction forcing. IFORCE KL,KC,KPAR,ICOL,FORCE,WL,WH [Interaction forcing parameters]
Page 1 and 2:
Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
Page 3 and 4:
FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
Page 7 and 8:
4.3 Combined scattering and energy
Page 9 and 10:
PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
Page 11 and 12:
The present version of PENELOPE is
Page 13 and 14:
Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
Page 15 and 16:
1.1. Elements of probability theory
Page 17 and 18:
1.1. Elements of probability theory
Page 19 and 20:
1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
Page 21 and 22:
1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
Page 23 and 24:
1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
Page 25 and 26:
1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
Page 27 and 28:
1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
Page 29 and 30:
1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
Page 31 and 32:
1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
Page 33 and 34:
1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
Page 43 and 44:
1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
Page 45 and 46:
1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
Page 49 and 50:
2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
Page 51 and 52:
2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
Page 53 and 54:
2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
Page 55 and 56:
F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
Page 57 and 58:
2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
Page 59 and 60:
C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
2.4. Electron-positron pair product
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
Page 77 and 78:
2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
Page 79 and 80:
2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
Page 81 and 82:
Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
Page 83 and 84:
3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
Page 85 and 86:
3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
Page 87 and 88:
ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
Page 89 and 90:
3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
Page 91 and 92:
B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
Page 93 and 94:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
Page 95 and 96:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
Page 97 and 98:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
Page 99 and 100:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
Page 101 and 102:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
Page 103 and 104:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
Page 105 and 106:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
Page 107 and 108:
c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
Page 109 and 110:
A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
Page 111 and 112:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
Page 113 and 114:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
Page 115 and 116:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
Page 117 and 118:
3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
Page 119 and 120:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
Page 121 and 122:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
Page 123 and 124:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
Page 125 and 126:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
Page 127 and 128:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
Page 129 and 130:
3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
Page 131 and 132:
3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
Page 133 and 134:
3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
Page 137 and 138:
4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
Page 139 and 140:
4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
Page 141 and 142:
4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
Page 143 and 144:
4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
Page 145 and 146:
4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
Page 147 and 148:
4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
Page 149 and 150:
4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
Page 151 and 152:
4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 153 and 154:
4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 155 and 156: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 157 and 158: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 159 and 160: 4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 177 and 178: 5.4. Geometry definition file 165
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185 and 186: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 205: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 193
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
Page 237 and 238: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 239 and 240: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 241 and 242: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 243 and 244: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
Page 249 and 250: Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
Page 251 and 252: Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
Page 253: Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
show all

PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?