PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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174 Chapter 5. Constructive quadric geometry Z-SCALE=( 4.250000000000000E+00, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 2) PLANE Z=1.5 INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 1,-1) Z-SCALE=( 1.500000000000000E+00, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 3) PLANE Z=-4.0 INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 1, 1) Z-SCALE=( 4.000000000000000E+00, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 4) CONE INDICES=( 1, 1,-1, 0, 0) X-SCALE=( 5.000000000000000E-01, 0) Y-SCALE=( 5.000000000000000E-01, 0) Z-SHIFT=( 4.250000000000000E+00, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 5) CYLINDER INDICES=( 1, 1, 0, 0,-1) X-SCALE=( 7.250000000000000E-01, 0) Y-SCALE=( 7.250000000000000E-01, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 1) ARROW HEAD MATERIAL( 2) SURFACE ( 1), SIDE POINTER=(-1) SURFACE ( 2), SIDE POINTER=( 1) SURFACE ( 4), SIDE POINTER=(-1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 2) ARROW STICK MATERIAL( 2) SURFACE ( 5), SIDE POINTER=(-1) SURFACE ( 2), SIDE POINTER=(-1) SURFACE ( 3), SIDE POINTER=( 1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 6) SPHERE. R=5 INDICES=( 1, 1, 1, 0,-1) X-SCALE=( 5.000000000000000E+00, 0) Y-SCALE=( 5.000000000000000E+00, 0) Z-SCALE=( 5.000000000000000E+00, 0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 MODULE ( 3) SPHERE WITH INNER ARROW MATERIAL( 1) SURFACE ( 6), SIDE POINTER=(-1) BODY ( 1) BODY ( 2) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=( 0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG THETA=(-90.00000000000000E+00, 0) DEG PHI=( 90.00000000000000E+00, 0) DEG 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 END 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 We have defined the entire system as a single module, so that you may rotate and/or displace it arbitrarily. Notice that the initial arrow points in the positive direction of the z-axis. It is instructive to try various rotations and use gview2d or gview3d (with a sector excluded to make the inner arrow visible) for visualizing the rotated system.
5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a geometry file is nothing more than routine work. After a little practice, you can define quite complex systems by using only surfaces and bodies. You will soon realize that the visualization programs (as well as the actual simulations!) slow down when the number of elements in the geometry increases. The only way of speeding up the programs is to group the bodies into modules. The best strategy for improving the calculation speed is to build relatively simple modules and combine them into larger parent modules to obtain a genealogical tree where the number of daughters of each module is not too large (say 4 or 5). You may save a lot of time by defining each body separately (and checking it carefully) and then inserting it into the progressing module that, once finished, will be added to the file. Notice that the input element labels are arbitrary (as long as they are not repeated for elements of the same kind) and that we can insert new elements anywhere in the file. Once the geometry definition is complete, we can generate an equivalent file, with elements labelled according to their input order, by simply editing the GEOMETRY.REP file. The previous examples of geometry files (QUADRIC and ARROW) together with several other files of more complex geometries are included in the distribution package. They can be directly visualized by running gview2d and gview3d. The file GLASS (a glass of champagne) shows that common objects can be described quite precisely with only quadric surfaces; in this case, we do not use modules, which are useful only to accelerate the calculations. WELL defines a scintillation well detector with much detail; we have set an enclosure for the system, so that you can rotate the entire detector by editing the definition file. Notice that, when the detector is tilted, it is very difficult to get an idea of its geometry from the images generated by gview2d. SATURNE describes the head of an electron accelerator, quite a complicated geometry with 96 surfaces and 44 bodies. The structure MALE, which corresponds to a mathematical anthropomorphic phantom, consists of 174 surfaces and 108 bodies, grouped into 11 modules. We cannot finish without a word of caution about the use of pengeom, and other general-purpose geometry packages. For simple geometries, they tend to waste a lot of time. It is always advisable to consider the possibility of handling geometric aspects directly; this may enable substantial reduction of the number of operations by taking full advantage of the peculiarities of the material system.
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
Page 139 and 140: 4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
Page 141 and 142: 4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
Page 143 and 144: 4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
Page 145 and 146: 4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
Page 147 and 148: 4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
Page 149 and 150: 4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
Page 151 and 152: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 159 and 160: 4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 177 and 178: 5.4. Geometry definition file 165
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
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Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
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Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
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Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
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Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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