PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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206 Chapter 6. Structure and operation of the code system PENELOPE FSOURCE PENDBASE OTHER EXAMPLES GVIEW SHOWER EMFIELDS PLOTTER Figure 6.7: Directory tree of the penelope code system. MATERIAL.F ... main program to generate material data files. TABLES.F ... main program to tabulate interaction data (mean free paths, ranges, stopping powers, ...) of particles in a given material. It also determines interpolated values. • Subdirectory EXAMPLES. It contains the following 11 files: PENSLAB.F ... main program for particle transport in a slab. PENSLAB.IN ... sample input data file of PENSLAB. AL.MAT ... Material data file for PENSLAB. PENCYL.F ... main program for multilayered cylindrical geometries and axially symmetric beams. PENCYL.IN ... sample input data file of PENCYL. Describes the same geometry as PENDOSES.GEO. PENDOSES.F ... main program for arbitrary quadric geometries. PENDOSES.IN ... sample input data file of PENDOSES. PENDOSES.GEO ... geometry definition file for PENDOSES. NAIAL.MAT ... material data file for PENCYL and PENDOSES. Illustrates the use of multiple materials. TIMER.F ... generic clock subroutine. It gives the execution time in seconds. TIMER works with the Compaq Visual Fortran 6.5 compiler and with the g77 Fortran compiler of the Free Software Foundation. The compact G77 for Win32 (Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP) package can be downloaded from http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5564. g77 is the default fortran compiler in most Linux distributions. NOTIMER.F ... fake clock subroutine. To be used with “unfamiliar” compilers for which a proper timing routine is not known/available. It gives a constant time (1 sec).
6.5. Installation 207 To get the executable file of material, compile and link the files MATERIAL.F and PENELOPE.F. This executable file must be placed and run in the same subdirectory as the database files (PENDBASE). The executable files of PENSLAB, PENCYL and PENDOSES are obtained by compiling and linking the following groups of source files: PENSLAB : PENSLAB.F, PENELOPE.F, TIMER.F PENCYL : PENCYL.F, PENELOPE.F, PENVARED.F, TIMER.F PENDOSES: PENDOSES.F, PENELOPE.F, PENGEOM.F, TIMER.F The simulation programs are written in standard fortran77 language, so that they should run on any computer. The only exception is the clock subroutine TIMER.F, which must be adapted to your computer’s compiler. • Subdirectory PENDBASE. penelope’s database. 465 files with the extension “.TAB” and names beginning with the letters “PD” (for details, see section 6.1.1). • Subdirectory OTHER. Consists of the following subdirectories, GVIEW . . . Contains the geometry viewers gview2d, gview3d and gviewc, that are operable under Microsoft Windows, and several examples of geometry definition files. EMFIELDS . . . Contains the subroutine package PENFIELD.F, which does simulation of electron/positron transport under external static magnetic and electric fields (see appendix C), and examples of programs that use it. SHOWER . . . Contains a single binary file named SHOWER.EXE, which operates only under Microsoft Windows. This code generates electron-photon showers within a slab and displays them projected on the screen. To use the shower viewer, just copy the file SHOWER.EXE into the directory PENDBASE and run it from there. This little tool is particularly useful for teaching purposes, it makes radiation physics “visible”. PLOTTER . . . The programs PENSLAB and PENCYL generate multiple files with simulated probability distribution functions. Each output file has a heading describing its content, which is in a format ready for visualization with a plotting program. We use gnuplot, which is small in size, available for various platforms (including Linux and Microsoft Windows) and free (distribution sites are listed at the Gnuplot Central site, http://www.gnuplot.info). The directory PLOTTER contains gnuplot scripts that plot the probability distributions evaluated by the simulation codes on your terminal. For instance, after running PENSLAB you can visualize the results by simply 1) copying the file PENSLAB.GNU from the directory PLOTTER to the directory that contains the results and 2) entering the command “GNUPLOT PENSLAB.GNU” (or clicking the icon).
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
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Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
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4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
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4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
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4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
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4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
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4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
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4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
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4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
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4.3. Combined scattering and energy
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4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
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Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
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Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
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Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
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Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
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Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185 and 186: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
Page 237 and 238: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 239 and 240: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 241 and 242: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 243 and 244: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
Page 249 and 250: Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
Page 251 and 252: Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
Page 253: Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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