PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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202 Chapter 6. Structure and operation of the code system 8 E+6 Depth-dose (eV/cm ) 6 E+6 4 E+6 2 E+6 m i x e d ( C 1 =C 2 =0.15) d e t a i l e d ( C 1 =C 2 =0) Al ➤ ➤ z 0E+0 0.0E+0 5 .0E- 3 1 .0E- 2 1 .5 E- 2 2 .0E- 2 z (cm) 0. 5 00 0. 4 00 mixed (C 1 =C 2 =0.15) det a il ed (C 1 =C 2 =0) p (θ) (1/sr) 0. 3 00 0. 2 00 Al θ ➤ ➤ ➤ 0. 1 00 0. 000 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0 θ (deg) Figure 6.5: Results from PENSLAB for a 500 keV electron beam impinging normally on the surface of a 200-µm-thick aluminium slab (further details are given in the text). Top: depthdose distribution within the slab. Bottom: angular distribution of emerging (transmitted and backscattered) electrons (primary and secondary).
! 6.3. Selecting the simulation parameters 203 2 Ε− 5 mixed (C 1 =C 2 =0.15) det a il ed (C 1 =C 2 =0) 1 Ε− 5 p ( E t ) (1/eV) 8 Ε− 6 Al ➤ ➤ ➤ E t 4 Ε− 6 0Ε+0 2E+5 3 E+5 4 E+5 E t (eV) 4 Ε− 7 p ( E b ) (1/eV) 3 Ε− 7 2 Ε− 7 Al E b mixed (C 1 =C 2 =0.15) ➤ ➤ 1 Ε− 7 det a il ed (C 1 =C 2 =0) 0Ε+0 0E+0 1 E+5 2 E+5 3 E+5 4 E+5 5 E+5 E b (eV) Figure 6.6: Results from PENSLAB for a 500 keV electron beam impinging normally on the surface of a 200-µm-thick aluminium slab (further details are given in the text). Top: energy distribution of transmitted electrons. Bottom: energy distribution of backscattered electrons. Secondary electrons are included in both cases.
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
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Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
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4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
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4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
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4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
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4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
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4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
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4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
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4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
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4.3. Combined scattering and energy
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4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
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4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
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Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 177 and 178: 5.4. Geometry definition file 165
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185 and 186: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
Page 237 and 238: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 239 and 240: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 241 and 242: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 243 and 244: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
Page 249 and 250: Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
Page 251 and 252: Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
Page 253: Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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