PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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186 Chapter 6. Structure and operation of the code system ICOL . . . kind of event that has been simulated, according to the following convention, • Electrons (KPAR=1) ICOL=1, artificial soft event (random hinge). =2, hard elastic collision. =3, hard inelastic collision. =4, hard bremsstrahlung emission. =5, inner-shell ionization by electron impact. • Photons (KPAR=2) ICOL=1, coherent (Rayleigh) scattering. =2, incoherent (Compton) scattering. =3, photoelectric absorption. =4, electron-positron pair production. • Positrons (KPAR=3) ICOL=1, artificial soft event (random hinge). =2, hard elastic collision. =3, hard inelastic collision. =4, hard bremsstrahlung emission. =5, inner-shell ionization by positron impact. =6, annihilation. For electrons and positrons ICOL=7 corresponds to delta interactions. The value ICOL=8 is used for the “auxiliary” interactions (an additional mechanism that may be defined by the user, e.g. to simulate photonuclear interactions, see the source file <strong>PENELOPE</strong>.F). SUBROUTINE SECPAR(LEFT) . . . Sets the initial state of a secondary particle and removes it from the secondary stack. The output value LEFT is the number of secondary particles that remained in the stack at the calling time. SUBROUTINE STORES(E,X,Y,Z,U,V,W,WGHT,KPAR,ILB) . . . Stores a particle in the secondary stack. Arguments have the same meaning as in COMMON/TRACK/, but refer to the particle that is being stored. The variables IBODY and MAT are set equal to the current values in COMMON/TRACK/. Calling STORES from the MAIN program is useful e.g. to store particles produced by splitting, a variance reduction method (see section 1.6.2). The sequence of calls to generate a random track is independent of the kind of particle that is being simulated. The generation of random showers proceeds as follows (see fig. 6.1): (i) Set the initial state of the primary particle, i.e. assign values to the state variables KPAR, E, position coordinates r =(X,Y,Z) and direction of movement ˆd =(U,V,W). Specify the body and material where the particle moves by defining the values of IBODY and MAT, respectively. Optionally, set the values of WGHT and ILB(1:5). (ii) CALL CLEANS to initialize the secondary stack.
G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL PEINIT (···) N= 0 I ni ti al i z e P E N E L O P E N= N+ 1 Start a new shower ( X ) ( U ) ^ KPAR, E, r= ,Y ,Z , d= ,V ,W W G H T , I B O D Y , M AT , I L B I ni ti al state CALL CLEANS CALL S TAR T CALL J U M P es D oes the trac k c ross an i nterf ac e? M od i f y DS to end the step at the f i rst i nterf ac e ^ r ← r + DS d ^ r ← r + DS d one? es CALL K NO CK C hang e to new b od y es E< EAB S ? CALL S ECPAR (LEF T) LEF T> 0 ? es es N< NTO T? E N D Figure 6.1: Flow diagram of the MAIN program for simulating electron-photon showers with penelope.
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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3.4. Positron annihilation 121 It i
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Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
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4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
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4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
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4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
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4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
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4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
Page 147 and 148: 4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
Page 149 and 150: 4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
Page 151 and 152: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 159 and 160: 4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 177 and 178: 5.4. Geometry definition file 165
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183 and 184: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 185 and 186: 5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE (
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
Page 235 and 236: Appendix C Electron/positron transp
Page 237 and 238: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 239 and 240: C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
Page 241 and 242: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 243 and 244: C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
Page 245 and 246: Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
Page 247 and 248: Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
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Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
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Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
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Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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