PENELOPE 2003 - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

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172 Chapter 5. Constructive quadric geometry ences between the two files are the labels assigned to the different surfaces, bodies and modules; in GEOMETRY.REP, these elements are numbered in strictly increasing order. It is important to bear in mind that pengeom internally uses this sequential labelling to identify bodies and surfaces. Knowing the internal label assigned to each element is necessary for scoring purposes, e.g. to determine the distribution of energy deposited within a particular body. 5.7 A short tutorial To prepare a new geometry definition file, it is useful to start from a file that contains a model of each data set with default values of their parameters. Placing the end-line at the beginning of the model group discontinues the geometry reading; so that the model group can be kept in the geometry file, even when this one is operative. The starting file should look like this END 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( ) REDUCED FORM INDICES=( 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) X-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) Y-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) Z-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( ) IMPLICIT FORM INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) AXX=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AX=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) A0=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( ) TEXT MATERIAL( ) SURFACE ( ), SIDE POINTER=( 1) BODY ( ) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 MODULE ( ) TEXT MATERIAL( ) SURFACE ( ), SIDE POINTER=( 1) BODY ( )
5.7. A short tutorial 173 MODULE ( ) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 INCLUDE FILE= (filename.ext) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Then, to generate a new element, we just duplicate the corresponding data set, modify the parameter values and eliminate the lines that are unnecessary (i.e. those of parameters that take their default values). Of course, the defining data set must be placed before the end-line. The progressing geometry can be visualized with gview2d as soon as the first complete body has been defined. If gview2d stops before entering the graphics mode, the geometry definition is incorrect and we should have a look at the GEOMETRY.REP file to identify the problem. Normally, the conflicting parameter or element appears in the last line of this file. The basic elements of the geometry definition are quadric surfaces. These can be visualized by using the following simple file, which defines the inner volume of a reduced quadric as a single body, ---------------------------------------------------------------- Visualization of reduced quadric surfaces. Define the desired quadric (surface 1) by entering its indices. The region with side pointer -1 (inside the quadric) corresponds to MATERIAL=1. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) Reduced quadric. One sheet hyperboloid. INDICES=( 1, 1,-1, 0,-1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 1) The interior of the quadric. MATERIAL( 1) SURFACE ( 1), SIDE POINTER=(-1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 END 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Notice that, in this case, the body is infinite in extent. There is no objection to using infinite bodies, as long as the enclosure contains all material bodies. When only a single body is defined, pengeom identifies it as the enclosure, and this requirement is met. Otherwise, we must define a proper enclosure (since all bodies and modules must have a common ancestor). The following example describes a sphere with an inner arrow (fig. 5.2): XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Sphere of 5 cm radius with an arrow. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) PLANE Z=4.25 INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 1,-1)
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Data Bank ISBN 92-64-02145-0 PENELO
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FOREWORD The OECD/NEA Data Bank was
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ........
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4.3 Combined scattering and energy
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PREFACE Radiation transport in matt
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The present version of PENELOPE is
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Chapter 1 Monte Carlo simulation. B
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.1. Elements of probability theory
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1.2. Random sampling methods 7 Tabl
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1.2. Random sampling methods 9 Nume
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1.2. Random sampling methods 11 whe
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1.2. Random sampling methods 13 can
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1.2. Random sampling methods 15 mus
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1.2. Random sampling methods 17 the
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1.3. Monte Carlo integration 19 Con
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1.4. Simulation of radiation transp
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¡ ¢ 1.4. Simulation of radiation
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1.5. Statistical averages and uncer
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1.6. Variance reduction 31 also imp
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1.6. Variance reduction 33 weight a
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Chapter 2 Photon interactions In th
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.1. Coherent (Rayleigh) scattering
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2.2. Photoelectric effect 41 ➤E E
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F 2.2. Photoelectric effect 43 1E+7
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2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatterin
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C u 2.3. Incoherent (Compton) scatt
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2.4. Electron-positron pair product
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2.5. Attenuation coefficients 63 di
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 65 2.6 Atomi
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2.6. Atomic relaxation 67 two vacan
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Chapter 3 Electron and positron int
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3.1. Elastic collisions 71 nucleus
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3.1. Elastic collisions 73 1 E - 1
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ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ ρ ρ ρ λ λ λ
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3.1. Elastic collisions 77 becomes
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B ' B ' 3.1. Elastic collisions 79
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 81 where
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 83 global
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 85 plays
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 87 optica
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 89 The DC
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 91 In the
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 93 where
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c b c b 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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A l A u 3.2. Inelastic collisions 9
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 99 After
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 101 Table
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 103 In re
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3.2. Inelastic collisions 105 1Ε+4
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 107 an
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 109 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 111 1
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 113 wh
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 115 Al
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3.3. Bremsstrahlung emission 117 Th
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3.4. Positron annihilation 119 (198
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Page 135 and 136: Chapter 4 Electron/positron transpo
Page 137 and 138: 4.1. Elastic scattering 125 Lewis (
Page 139 and 140: 4.1. Elastic scattering 127 ⎡ ⎛
Page 141 and 142: 4.1. Elastic scattering 129 simulat
Page 143 and 144: 4.1. Elastic scattering 131 The sim
Page 145 and 146: 4.2. Soft energy losses 133 soft in
Page 147 and 148: 4.2. Soft energy losses 135 deviati
Page 149 and 150: 4.2. Soft energy losses 137 scatter
Page 151 and 152: 4.3. Combined scattering and energy
Page 159 and 160: 4.4. Generation of random tracks 14
Page 165 and 166: Chapter 5 Constructive quadric geom
Page 167 and 168: 5.1. Rotations and translations 155
Page 169 and 170: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 157 Given a f
Page 171 and 172: 5.2. Quadric surfaces 159 Table 5.1
Page 173 and 174: 5.3. Constructive quadric geometry
Page 175 and 176: 5.4. Geometry definition file 163 1
Page 177 and 178: 5.4. Geometry definition file 165
Page 179 and 180: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 181 and 182: 5.5. The subroutine package pengeom
Page 183: 5.6. Debugging and viewing the geom
Page 187 and 188: 5.7. A short tutorial 175 Writing a
Page 189 and 190: Chapter 6 Structure and operation o
Page 191 and 192: 6.1. penelope 179 and/or numbers in
Page 193 and 194: 6.1. penelope 181 1986). The format
Page 195 and 196: 6.1. penelope 183 The connection of
Page 197 and 198: 6.1. penelope 185 that has to be lo
Page 199 and 200: G y y y y y 6.1. penelope 187 CALL
Page 201 and 202: 6.1. penelope 189 It is the respons
Page 203 and 204: 6.2. Examples of MAIN programs 191
Page 213 and 214: 6.3. Selecting the simulation param
Page 215 and 216: ! 6.3. Selecting the simulation par
Page 217 and 218: 6.5. Installation 205 radiation is
Page 219 and 220: 6.5. Installation 207 To get the ex
Page 221 and 222: Appendix A Collision kinematics To
Page 223 and 224: A.1. Two-body reactions 211 Clearly
Page 225 and 226: A.2. Inelastic collisions of charge
Page 227 and 228: m A.2. Inelastic collisions of char
Page 229 and 230: Appendix B Numerical tools B.1 Cubi
Page 231 and 232: B.1. Cubic spline interpolation 219
Page 233 and 234: B.2. Numerical quadrature 221 B.2 N
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Appendix C Electron/positron transp
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.1. Tracking particles in vacuum.
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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C.2. Exact tracking in homogeneous
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Bibliography Abramowitz M. and I.A.
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Bibliography 235 Briesmeister J.F.
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Bibliography 237 James F. (1990),
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Bibliography 239 Reimer L. and E.R.
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Bibliography 241 Yates A.C. (1968),
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