Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology - CYF MEDICAL DISTRIBUTION

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY/INACTIVITY OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
including many isolates of Escherichia, Klebsiella,
Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and
Salmonella.
● It has little or no activity against most strains of
Proteus and no activity against Pseuodmonas.
● Nitrofurans have moderate activity against anaerobic
bacteria and are most active in anaerobic conditions.
Some aerobic bacteria that are resistant under
aerobic conditions are susceptible when tested under
anaerobic conditions.
● Nitrofurantoin is rapidly absorbed from the gut. It
is rapidly eliminated (drug appears in the urine
within 30 min of administration) and therapeutic
blood concentrations cannot be maintained. Half-life
in humans with normal renal function averages
20 min. Approximately 40–50% of the drug is eliminated
unchanged in the urine.
● Adverse effects reported in small animals include
gastrointestinal disturbances and hepatopathy.
Furazolidone
● Furazolidone has antiprotozoal and antibacterial
activity. It is active against Giardia, Trichomonas
and many coccidia as well as several Gram-negative
aerobic bacteria.
● It is used clinically in small animals to treat enteric
infections caused by these organisms.
● The degree to which furazolidone is absorbed has
not been definitely established.
● Adverse effects are uncommon but may include
anorexia, vomiting, abdominal cramps and
diarrhea.
CLOFAZIMINE
Clofazimine is a phazine dye that binds to DNA and
may inhibit its function as a template. It is used in
humans as part of multidrug protocols to treat leprosy.
Clofazimine is used in cats to treat Mycobacterium lepraemurium
and other nontuberculous mycobacterial
infections. The clinical pharmacology of the drug and
its adverse effect profile have not been well documented
in small animals. In humans the adverse effect of most
concern is dose-related skin, eye and body fluid discoloration
(pink to brownish black) that occurs in most
patients and can persist for months to years after the
drug is discontinued. This effect has been reported to
occur in animals. Hepatoxicity has been reported in a
dog.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITY/INACTIVITY OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS
Aminopenicillins
Cephalosporins
Lincosamides/macrolides
Penicillin G
Aminopenicillins
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
Penicillin G
Gram positive
aerobes
Obligate
anaerobes
Gram negative
aerobes
Penicillinaseproducing
Staphylococcus
Cephalosporins (2 nd and 3 rd generation)
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
Ticarcillin-clavulanate
Amoxicillin-clavulanate
Antistaphylococal penicillins
Cephalosporins (1 st and 2 nd generation)
Fluoroquinolones
Rifampicin
Vancomycin
Fig. 8.25 Summary of drugs with excellent activity against most, although not necessarily all, pathogens in each
quadrant.
Aminoglycosides
Metronidazole
Gram positive
aerobes
Gram negative
aerobes
Lincosamides/macrolides
Metronidazole
Penicillin G
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
(currently in
veterinary use)
Obligate
anaerobes
Penicillinaseproducing
Staphylococcus
Aminopenicillins
Metronidazole
Penicillin G
Fig. 8.26 Summary of drugs with no useful activity against most pathogens in each quadrant, although there may be
some individual exceptions.
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