Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology - CYF MEDICAL DISTRIBUTION

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EXTERNAL PARASITICIDES an acute oral LD 50 in the dog of more than 10,000 mg/ kg. Efficacy and safety are improved if coadministered with food and efficacy is further enhanced if the drug is micronized. Use in cats is not advised, with vomiting, inappetence and posterior paresis being reported. EXTERNAL PARASITICIDES Perhaps because of the visibility of external parasites and their effects (both psychological and physical) on humans in close contact, external parasiticides are among the most widely used and misused drugs in dogs and cats. Without professional advice from veterinarians concerning the most appropriate treatment and control programs, continued failures of long-term management can be expected. External parasiticides alone can never be expected to completely control infection as they must be combined with measures to ensure that sources of reinfection are eliminated. Typical claims are summarized in Table 10.5. It should be emphasized that label directions take priority and must be followed. In many countries (e.g. Australia and the USA) most external parasiticides must be used only as labeled; even veterinarians are not permitted by law to deviate from labeled directions. Contraindications and precautions While warnings and precautions vary between countries and labeled statements must be observed, typical considerations that may apply are presented below. ● Concurrent treatments. Other insecticides and acaricides that could interact should be used carefully or avoided. ● Sick and convalescing animals. Use should be avoided or particular care taken. ● Lactating animals. Use should be avoided or particular care taken. ● Pregnant animals. Use should be avoided or particular care taken. ● Young animals. Use of organophosphates in animals less than 3–6 months is usually avoided. ● Paralysis tick. Where complete efficacy is necessary (e.g. with Ixodes holocyclus control) parasiticide treatment should be supplemented with thorough daily searching of the coat. ● Human safety: – Do not permit children access to pesticide formulations. – Keep away from food. – Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling. – Protective clothing may be necessary. Formulations and dose rates While some dosage forms for external parasite control are available for oral administration or injection, most are administered externally. Some of the features of these formulations are described below. Collars A description of typically available collars is presented in Table 10.5. Table 10.5 Ectoparasiticide dosage forms Dosage form Active constituent Use rate Species Indication and typical duration of action Ticks 1 Ix. holocyclus Fleas Other Collars g/kg collar FORM Amitraz 90 D 2 m 2 m OP Chlorpyrifos 80/40 D/C 5/4 m 9/8 m SP Deltamethrin 40 D 5–6 m 6 m Ph 5–6 m OP Diazinon 150 D,C 5 m 9 m SP Flumethrin 22.5 D 5 m 6 w 5 m [ CARB + propoxur 100 OP Naled 150/100 D/C 1 m 4 m BOT Pennyroyal oil + 40 D,C 10 w [ BOT eucalyptus oil 10 SP Permethrin 80 D,C 4 m 4 m CARB Propoxur 100 D,C 5 m IGR Pyriproxifen 5 C 13 m IGR Pyriproxifen 2.5 D,C 5 m 5 m [ OP + diazinon 150 IGR S-methoprene 10/20 D/C 6 m 221
CHAPTER 10 ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS Table 10.5 Ectoparasiticide dosage forms (continued) Dosage form Active constituent Use rate Species Indication and typical duration of action Ticks 1 Ix. holocyclus Fleas Other Spot-on mg/kg bwt OP Fenthion 10–20 D 2 w PP Fipronil 6.7 D,C 4 w 2 w 4 w L PP Fipronil 6.7 D 4 w 2w 4 w adult L [ GR S-methoprene 6 8 w egg PP Pyriprole 12.5 D 4 w 4 w NN Imidacloprid 10 D,C 4 w NN Imidacloprid 10 D 4 w HW prevention [ ML Ivermectin 0.08 NN Imidacloprid 10/2.5 D 4 w See Table 10.2 [ ML Moxidectin 10/1 C NN Imidacloprid 10 D 4 w 4 w Ph 2–3 w, M 2–4 w, Stom [ SP Permethrin 50 SP Permethrin (55:45–40:60) 43–87 D 2–4 w 2 w 4 w M SP Permethrin 45–100 D 3–5 w 3–5 w M [ IGR + pyriproxifen 0.5–0.75 ML Selamectin 6 D,C 2–4 w 4w SOLN SC Metaflumizone 40 C to 6 w SC Metaflumizone 20 D 4 w to 6 w [ FORM Amitraz 20 Dips/sprays mg/L dip FORM Amitraz (not chihuahuas) 250–500 D 7 d 7 d SD OP Coumaphos 250 D L OP Cypermethrin + 500 D 7 d 7 d 7 d [ SYN PBO 500 OP Diazinon 500 D 3 w 7 d 3 w SPRAY: P Dichorvos 2000 D,C 7–14 d [ OP Fenitrothion 8000 SPRAY: PP Fipronil 7.5–15 mg/ kg bwt D,C 4 w 2–3 w 12 w D 8 w C OP Maldison 2.5–6000 D,C 7 d 7 d SL SPRAY 6000 D,C 7 d 7 d SYN SYN P IGR MGK326 + PBO + pyrethrins methoprene 3600 1800 2000 SP Permethrin (25:75) 1000 D 14 d P Pyrethrins 100 D,C SPRAY P Pyrethrins + 100–1000 D,C 1 d 1 d 1 d L [ SYN PBO 180–5000 Oral mg/kg bwt IGR Cyromazine 10 D 1 d OP Cythioate 3 D 2 d 2 d 3–4 d D 1.5 C 3–4 d IGR Lufenuron 10 D 4 w IGR Methoprene 22 D 7 d NN Nitenpyram 1 D,C 1 d Ch IGR Pyriproxyfen 10 D,C 7 d Injection mg/kg bwt IGR Lufenuron 10 C 6 m Extra-label use of MLs has been reported in dogs and cats principally for Otodectes, Demodex and Sarcoptes control. 1 Tick species against which a product is active is product specific and each product label should be read carefully. ABBREVIATIONS: Species: D dog, C cat, D/C different dose rates in dog and cat; Ch Cochliomyia hominovorax, D Demodex, HW heartworm, L lice, M mosquito, S Sarcoptes, O Otodectes, N nematodes, Ph Phlebotomus spp, Stom Stomoxys calcitrans, IGR insect growth regulator, OP organophosphate, CARB carbamate, SYN synergist, FORM formamidine, P pyrethrin, PP phenylpyrazole, SP synthetic pyrethroid, ML macrocyclic lactone, BOT botanical, NN neonicotinoid, SC semicarbazone. 222
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An imprint of Elsevier Limited © E
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CONTRIBUTORS Matthias J Kleinz Depa
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Dedication To Tom, Rosalind and Jim
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CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PH
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CHAPTER 2 CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
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CHAPTER 3 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS Un
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CHAPTER 3 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
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CHAPTER 4 THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE A
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS However
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Table 5
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS doses.
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS concent
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Emergen
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Pharmac
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Central
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Table 5
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS FURTHER
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES ● noradrenali
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES treatment, with
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES Benzodiazepines
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES It is not misci
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES respectively. H
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES Table 6.1 Sugge
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7 Behavior-modifying drugs Kersti S
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CHAPTER 7 BEHAVIOR-MODIFYING DRUGS
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8 Antibacterial drugs Jill E Maddis
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS phary
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS dose
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS Table
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Page 191 and 192: 9 Systemic antifungal therapy Josep
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CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPY
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CHAPTER 13 NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAM
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS inflam
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A Agonist opioid (morphine) B Parti
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS Small
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS Clinic
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS Contra
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS Advers
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CHAPTER 14 OPIOID ANALGESICS Advers
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15 Cancer chemotherapy Jane M Dobso
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY to m
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY curr
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY Tabl
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY Clin
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY sion
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY D-MA
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CHAPTER 16 ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS sei
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17 Drugs used in the management of
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CHAPTER 17 DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGE
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS C
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
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CHAPTER 21 DRUGS USED IN THE TREATM
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23 Drugs and reproduction Philip G
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION I
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION F
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION C
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION M
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION n
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION E
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24 Topical dermatological therapy R
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CHAPTER 24 TOPICAL DERMATOLOGICAL T
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CHAPTER 25 OCULAR CLINICAL PHARMACO
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Index A α-adrenergic receptors 70,
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INDEX Antiplatelet drugs 456-457 pi
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INDEX Ceftazidime 168 Ceftiofur 166
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INDEX Drug receptors 4-8 Drug-drug
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INDEX Hepatic excretion 33 Hepatic
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INDEX Metabolism dogs vs cats 47 an
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INDEX Pentazocine 319, 327 Pentobar
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INDEX Semicarbazone 230 Septic arth
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