Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology - CYF MEDICAL DISTRIBUTION

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FURTHER READING Adverse effects ● Injection site reactions ● Pyrexia ● Lethargy FUTURE IMMUNOTHERAPY The future of immunomodulatory therapy clearly lies in targeted immunotherapy, which will very specifically alter a single immunological parameter without blanket immunosuppression or other adverse effects that characterize administration of many of the pharmacological agents that are the mainstream of veterinary immunomodulation today. There are currently many experimental approaches that are starting to transfer into clinical practice in human medicine. These are too numerous to review in detail here, but selected examples might include the following. ● Peptide immunotherapy for autoimmune or allergic disease. In this instance a specific peptide derived from an autoantigen or allergen is delivered to the immune system via a novel route (e.g. by the oral or intranasal route, perhaps linked to a new-generation ‘mucosal adjuvant’). By mechanisms that are not fully understood (but probably involve induction of specific regulatory T-cell populations), presentation of this peptide antigen is often able to selectively ‘disarm’ those autoreactive or allergen-specific T lymphocytes that are the cause of disease, yet leave intact those T cells that are involved in ‘appropriate’ immune responses to pathogens. ● Cytokine gene therapy. Examples of the use of gene therapy are already to be found within the veterinary literature. In this approach, genes encoding specific regulatory cytokines may be delivered to a specific site in the body, either as a ‘naked’ plasmid or incorporated into a cellular vector. The localized synthesis of cytokines that ensues can specifically direct the nature of the local immune response (e.g. to a tumor, within a site of inflammation such as the synovium of an arthritic animal or to a vaccine within regional draining lymphoid tissue). ● Monoclonal antibody therapy, using monoclonal antibodies that have been synthetically constructed to avoid immunogenicity in the host animal. Monoclonal antibodies may be used to selectively block or enhance molecular interactions between immune cells, to neutralize cytokine activity, or to act as ‘delivery vehicles’ for a range of toxins, cytokines or prodrugs to specific cells (e.g. neoplastic) expressing epitopes recognized by the antibodies. FURTHER READING Affolter VK, Moore PF 2000 Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. Am J Dermatopath 22: 40-48 Amatori FM, Meucci V, Giusiani M et al 2004 Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in dogs. Vet Rec 154: 180-181 Beale KM 1988 Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated diseases of dogs and cats. JAVMA 192: 1316-1318 Bernsteen L, Gregory CR, Kyles AE et al 2003 Microemulsified cyclosporine-based immunosuppression for the prevention of acute renal allograft rejection in unrelated dogs: preliminary experimental study. Vet Surg 32: 213-219 Day MJ 1999 Immunotherapy. In: Day MJ (ed.) Clinical immunology of the dog and cat. Manson Publishing, London, pp 266-277 Day MJ 2005 Immunotherapy. In: Hillier A, Foster AP, Kwochka KW (eds) Advances in veterinary dermatology, volume 5. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 107-122 DeMari K, Maynard L, Eun HM, Lebreux B 2003 Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon omega in a placebo-controlled field trial. Vet Rec 152: 105-108 DeMari K, Maynard L, Sanquer A et al 2004 Therapeutic effects of recombinant feline interferon-omega on feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)-infected and FeLV/feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-coinfected symptomatic cats. J Vet Intern Med 18: 477-482 Foster AP 2004 Immunomodulation and immunodeficiency. Vet Dermatol 15: 115-126 Foster AP, Shaw SE, Duley JA, Shobowale-Bakre E-M, Harbour DA 2000 Demonstration of thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the erythrocytes of cats. J Vet Intern Med 14: 552-554 Gauguere E, Steffan J, Olivry T 2004 Cyclosporin A: a new drug in the field of canine dermatology. Vet Dermatol 15: 61-74 Gregory CR, Stewart A, Sturges B et al 1998 Leflunomide effectively treats naturally occurring immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases of dogs that are unresponsive to conventional therapy. Transplant Proc 30: 4143-4148 Grundy SA, Barton C 2001 Influence of drug treatment on survival of dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 88 cases (1989– 1999). JAVMA 218: 543-546 Kruth SA 1998 Biological response modifiers: interferons, interleukins, recombinant products, liposomal products. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28: 269-295 Larche M, Wraith DC 2005 Peptide-based therapeutic vaccines for allergic and autoimmune diseases. Nature Med 11: S69-S76 Marsella R, Olivry T 2001 The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXII): nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 81: 331-345 Marsella R, Nicklin CF, Saglio S, Lopez J 2004 Investigation on the clinical efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic®) in canine atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebocontrolled, cross-over study. Vet Dermatol 15: 294-303 Mathews KA, Sukhiani HR 1997 Randomized controlled trial of cyclosporine for treatment of perianal fistulas in dogs. JAVMA 211: 1249-1253 Mathews KA, Holmberg DL, Miller CW 2000 Kidney transplantation in dogs with naturally occurring endstage renal disease. J Am Anim Health Assoc 36: 294-301 Mouatt JG 2002 Cyclosporin and ketoconazole interaction for treatment of perianal fistulas in the dog. Aust Vet J 80: 207-211 285
CHAPTER 12 IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPY Nabel GJ 1999 A transformed view of cyclosporine. Nature 397: 471-472 Nichols PR, Morris DO, Beale KM 2001 A retrospective study of canine and feline cutaneous vasculitis. Vet Dermatol 12: 255-264 Olivry T, Rivierre C, Jackson HA et al 2002 Cyclosporine decreases skin lesions and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a blinded randomized prednisolone-controlled trial. Vet Dermatol 13: 77-87 Radowicz SN, Power HT 2005 Long-term use of cyclosporine in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 16: 81-86 Read RA 1995 Treatment of canine nictitans plasmacytic conjunctivitis with 0.2 per cent cyclosporin ointment. J Small Anim Pract 36: 50-56 Rinkhardt NE, Kruth SA, Kaushik A 1999 The effects of prednisone and azathioprine on circulating immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subpopulations in normal dogs. Can J Vet Res 63: 18-24 Rosenkrantz WS 2004 Pemphigus: current therapy. Vet Dermatol 15: 90-98 Salvaggione OE, Kidd L, Prondzinski JL et al 2002 Canine red blood cell thiopurine S-methyltransferase: companion animal pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenetics 12: 713-724 Salvaggione OE, Yang C, Kidd LB et al 2004 Cat red blood cell thiopurine S-methyltransferase: companion animal pharmacogenetics. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 308: 617-626 Scott-Moncrieff JC, Reagan WJ, Synder PW, Glickman LT 1997 Intravenous administration of human immune globulin in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. JAVMA 210: 1623-1627 Steffan J, Alexander D, Brovedani F, Fisch RD 2003 Comparison of cyclosporine A with methylprednisolone for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a parallel, blinded, randomized controlled trial. Vet Dermatol 14: 11-22 286
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An imprint of Elsevier Limited © E
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CONTRIBUTORS Matthias J Kleinz Depa
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Dedication To Tom, Rosalind and Jim
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CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL PH
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CHAPTER 2 CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
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CHAPTER 3 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS Un
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CHAPTER 3 ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
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CHAPTER 4 THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE A
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS However
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Table 5
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS doses.
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS X R 3 C
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Emergen
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS inhalat
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Pharmac
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Central
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS Table 5
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CHAPTER 5 ANESTHETIC AGENTS FURTHER
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES ● noradrenali
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES treatment, with
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES Benzodiazepines
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES It is not misci
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES respectively. H
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CHAPTER 6 SEDATIVES Table 6.1 Sugge
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7 Behavior-modifying drugs Kersti S
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CHAPTER 7 BEHAVIOR-MODIFYING DRUGS
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8 Antibacterial drugs Jill E Maddis
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS phary
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS dose
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS Table
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS Bacte
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS Antis
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CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS RIFAM
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9 Systemic antifungal therapy Josep
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CHAPTER 9 SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGAL THERA
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10 Antiparasitic drugs Stephen W Pa
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CHAPTER 10 ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS ●
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CHAPTER 10 ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS Tabl
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CHAPTER 10 ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS 62.5
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Page 275 and 276: 12 Immunomodulatory therapy Michael
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY Tabl
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY Clin
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY sion
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CHAPTER 15 CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY D-MA
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CHAPTER 16 ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS sei
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CHAPTER 16 ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS exc
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17 Drugs used in the management of
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CHAPTER 17 DRUGS USED IN THE MANAGE
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS C
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
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CHAPTER 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
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CHAPTER 21 DRUGS USED IN THE TREATM
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23 Drugs and reproduction Philip G
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION I
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION F
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION C
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION M
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION n
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CHAPTER 23 DRUGS AND REPRODUCTION E
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24 Topical dermatological therapy R
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CHAPTER 24 TOPICAL DERMATOLOGICAL T
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CHAPTER 25 OCULAR CLINICAL PHARMACO
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Index A α-adrenergic receptors 70,
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INDEX Antiplatelet drugs 456-457 pi
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INDEX Ceftazidime 168 Ceftiofur 166
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INDEX Drug receptors 4-8 Drug-drug
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INDEX Hepatic excretion 33 Hepatic
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INDEX Metabolism dogs vs cats 47 an
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INDEX Pentazocine 319, 327 Pentobar
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INDEX Semicarbazone 230 Septic arth
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