soil-conservation-people-religion-and-land.pdf - South West NRM

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principles ror de~elopment In \uch d \,I control ot du\t from nind erovon. and the as to protect Idndscape ~alues other than pre\entir,n of \o~l erovon by water. gained utilitarian economic L alues (3). recc>gnitic>n Not that these more rural i\sue\ \\ere not reported on earlier. but the). Lvere ;iPParently regarded as tradi- ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES-THE tional phenomena. almost to the point of PRIMACY OF LAND ST+B&ITY being perceived as a normal facet of the Since the late 1960s theZe&G h;ir become Australian enn*ironrnent. ~ncreasingly aware of a t3eeE-e In the qual- Because of the vast distances and isolaity of the Australian environment. .As a tion of much of the environmental damage result of the po\t-LVorld War I1 rise of in many locations. the impact and significonservation moi.ements in the CS. z4~~- cance of ecolopical damage goes unnoticed tralia had \\ell-developed env~ronmentul by the majority of \.oters in this nation of studies curricula In its schools by the earl! city-dwellers. There is however. a country- 1970s. The issues that gained early atten- n ide atvakenins to Australia's special tion were primarily those affecting the responsibility through its trusteeship of cities: namely recreation areas. water and unique World Heritage sites and its air pollution. litter and urban transport. In enormous food-producing potential. time. the rehabilitation of mined areas. the Shallow solodic soils in Queensland. Photo: 8. Roberts. LAND-USE PROBLEMS An abundance of space and the opportunity to expand rural production into new regions. has made Australia one of the last nations on earth to extend its "new frontiers" on a large scale. The states of Western Australia and Queensland. for instance. have expanded crop production by more than one million hectares during the past two decades. The early rural economy of the eastern districts of Australia was based on the removal of trees through ringbarking. clearing, and later chemical spraying, to increase crop production and the carrying capacity of pastoral country. This largescale clearing has destabilized the landscape in many districts, resulting in wind and water erosion, plus extensive increases in the salinity of irrigation- and drylandproduction systems. The most recent national survey of land degradation (4) has indicated that 51 percent of Australia's cropping and grazing land has been subjected to at least moderate erosion or salinization through a combination of degradation processes. These complex processes usually begin with the disturbance of the vegetation cover. through tree removal. overgrazing or injudicious burning. It is now generally accepted that Australia's export earnings from crop and animal products have been at the expense of the nation's soil capital (Figure 3). BREAKDOWN OF DEGRADATION PROCESSES Several attempts have been made to assess the relative contribution of each form of land degradation to the total problem of Australian landscapes. In terms of total area affected. loss of productive potential and the irreversibility of the process, water erosion is clearly the greatest threat to Australian landscapes. Figure 4 indicates that 71 percent of degraded land is affected by water erosion, with vegetation degradation accounting for 11 percent and wind erosion for 7 percent of the nonarid area affected. Salinity problems have received considerable attention as a rural political issue, but such salting problems affect only two percent of the nonarid land area. Half of the saline area is under irrigation and represents areas of high capital investment and high production potential. The prime area affected by salinity is the Murray-Darling River basin and special legislation has been passed to combat this problem. CORRECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION In South Australia the dramatic effects of wind erosion led to legislation as early as 1923. Other states promulgated policies and regulations to control land degradation in the ensuing decades. Today all states have some form of soil-conservation legislation. although implementation is less than satisfactory in some states. The past two decades have seen a wideranging extension of legislation aimed at
- - i contrc~lling environmental degradation and ILlncf uhe. The issues covered by recent leyi51ation in each state may be summarized as foll~ws (5). Lrtrzd conserr~atior~-, Via-orian Land , Conservation Act of--f9~@&nd Environ- 1 mental Effects Act of f9J8
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SOUL CObJSERVATION PEOPLE, RELIGION
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with " Generous sod", Dennis displa
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Stewardship - What Is It? Stewartls
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the earth's resources. However, it
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Certainly the earth and thus man, w
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That each Church set up a commissio
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LET THE RED VAN SPEAK In 1854 "the
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WHAT SHOULD WE TEACH What must the
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established a dualism of man and na
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R IBLIOGRAPHY Anonymous. 1985. Stat
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PREFACE : This paper has been writt
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vital supplies. The once-heroic pio
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to land use decision-making which t
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a approach for Australia. The dange
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As Ashby points out past experience
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exclusive right to use the land, ne
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matter. They certainly don't do tha
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a constraint on our freedom of acti
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and every individual creature and t
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Christians was noted. Both display
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Nature's Harmonies'. As David Lowen
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key phrases in Genesis are: "Have d
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Can Values and ~thics be Taught? Pl
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"The university's job may not be th
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coming generations. The list below
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National goals should change as pro
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indicators can continue to progress
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the problems of the present. It sho
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Cook, E. 1970. Environmental Ethics
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Santmire, H. P. 1970. Brother Earth
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--- - - - - - I. ORGANISATION AND I
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7' - - F a - - present parties, hav
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5. Res~onsibilitv of Faculties of A
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A -- 15. Role of Urban-Based conser
Page 81: FEDERAL STATE LOCAL EDUCATION l N C
Page 87 and 88: - - --< -- - I. ORGANISATION AND IN
Page 89 and 90: present parties, have failed to con
Page 91 and 92: Responsibilitv of Faculties of Agri
Page 93 and 94: 15. Role of Urban-Based Conservatio
Page 95: FEDERAL STATE LOCAL EXTENSION LANDH
Page 102 and 103: government. In this way the long-st
Page 104 and 105: on a permanent basis. 8. -Role -- -
Page 106 and 107: %==. 10. Wider Use of Group Methods
Page 108: N0113V UOJ S31V3S3Lnlll QNV S13A31
Page 113 and 114: 11. In Queensland, about 40% of nat
Page 118 and 119: Earth Garden, May 1 986 speak or th
Page 120 and 121: combines very small holdings with s
Page 122 and 123: The stages of cultural and ecologic
Page 124 and 125: The role of trees in controlling so
Page 126 and 127: proportions,. - _ 6. We must bring-
Page 130 and 131: an Land Degrad By Brian Roberts The
Page 134: Exposed clay subsoil following seve
Page 139 and 140: evide~~c-to indicate that this situ
Page 141 and 142: the field and the proportion of exi
Page 146 and 147: A.I.A.S. Symp. 20/10/89 EFFECTIVE G
Page 148 and 149: These figures exclude the contribut
Page 150 and 151: these four requirements are met, th
Page 152 and 153: the association of the group with a
Page 154 and 155: A rational analysis should be made
Page 156: REFERENCES Anonymous. (1978). Basis
Page 159 and 160: APPENDIX 2 ELEMENTS OF A SHIRE LAND
Page 164 and 165: ' I a -I how T'S NEW IN LAND C CTS
Page 166: and tresspassers, rather than as cr
Page 171 and 172: The Present Position . - - - ~r&e&t
Page 173 and 174: on Objectives - - -- - - ----=:I .
Page 175 and 176: APPENDIX 2 * 1. clear goals which a
Page 177 and 178: .A- 7. Planninq -- - -,sip - proble
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Brian Roberts, DDIAE 1989 Farm plan
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farm plan or major changes in physi
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Cover Story LAND STE ARDSH udes Tow
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individual's rights. No individual
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B R Roberts Darling Downs Institute
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attention at an early date. Advisor
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TABLE 1 1 LE AGRICULTURE 1. LAND CA
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th~should be ol t1[;11 c.onc-crn to
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which could form the cornerstone of
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CLEARING: WHO SHOULD DECIDE? Brian
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. Who has the knowledge and informa
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Range Monitoring Workshop Nat. S.C.
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Because most of the pastoral zone i
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FIGURE 1 iabifity ratings for Austr
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environment as distinct from the ef
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will be referred to later. It is de
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~ield workers are agreed that the i
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consumed in good and poor seasons r
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sufficiently to meet the criteria a
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Roberts, B. (1986). Proc. Sec. Int.
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The second reality is that in some
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choices of cultivation practices ar
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For those roads that are parallel t
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Role of Trees in the Property Plan
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