An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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8.3. Results 166 1200 1000 FAST 1 FAST 2 4000 3500 FAST 1 FAST 2 3000 cwnd (packets) 800 600 400 cwnd (packets) 2500 2000 1500 1000 200 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time (seconds) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Time (seconds) (a) 42msec (b) 162msec Figure 8.19: FAST cwnd dynamics (Symmetric network, 250Mbit/sec, queuesize 20% BDP). to increase its cwnd value through very aggressive probing, whilst under the longer latency (and larger buffer size) of 162ms, the cwnd is able to stabilise very quickly (after a very noisy stabilisation period at the start) to equal sharing of the network path, with almost no losses induced by either flow; however, towards the end of the test, the two flows’ cwnd diverge. It is worth noting that these dynamics were typical of measurements across a range of network environments and are not selected as worse cases behaviours. This divergence was found to be due to the sensitivities of FAST to changes in throughput which are only propagated into a change in cwnd dynamic a period of time after the bandwidth change is detected [JWL + 03]. Indeed, the experimental results also agree with [KRB05]. FAST incorporates switching between different values of α depending on the throughput (currently measured by the rate of packets) such that in low speed environments α = 8. When performing upto 100Mb/sec α = 20 and above this it is 200. In the experimental results, FAST only manages to stabilise cwnd (similar to that as presented in Figure 8.19(b)) when the latency is 162ms, 42ms and 82ms for network capacities of 10, 100 and 250Mb/sec respectively.
8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 HTCP 2 8000 7000 HTCP 1 HTCP 2 6000 cwnd (packets) 800 600 400 cwnd (packets) 5000 4000 3000 2000 200 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time (seconds) (a) 42msec 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time (seconds) (b) 324msec Figure 8.20: H-TCP cwnd dynamics (Symmetric network, 250Mbit/sec, queuesize 20% BDP). These tests correspond to network buffer sizes of 27, 70 and 342 packets receptively which correspond approximately to the sum of α for both competing FAST flows respectively. At high latencies, H-TCP increases its overhead by almost an order of magnitude; however at low latencies the results are comparable to those of Standard TCP. A zoomed figure of the cwnd trace of H-TCP is shown in Figure 8.20 and shows the complex synchronisation between the two competing flows. As expected ScalableTCP has the highest overhead due to its very aggressive exponential algorithm (with the exception of FAST at low speeds). Although it should be noted that at 10Mbit/sec and 100Mbit/sec with very long latencies, H-TCP was observed to have a higher overhead than ScalableTCP. Convergence Time Figure 8.21 shows the convergence times between the two symmetric New- TCP flows. The small decrease of cwnd upon loss in ScalableTCP results in a
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
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1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
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1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
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2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
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2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
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3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
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3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
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3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
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3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
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Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
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4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
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4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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Page 125 and 126: 6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
Page 133 and 134: 6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
Page 137 and 138: 7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
Page 139 and 140: 7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
Page 141 and 142: 7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
Page 143 and 144: 7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
Page 147 and 148: 8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
Page 149 and 150: 8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
Page 151 and 152: 8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
Page 153 and 154: 8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
Page 155 and 156: 8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
Page 157 and 158: 8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
Page 159 and 160: 8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
Page 161 and 162: 8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
Page 163 and 164: 8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
Page 165: 8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
Page 169 and 170: 8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
Page 171 and 172: 8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
Page 173 and 174: 8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
Page 175 and 176: 8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
Page 177 and 178: 8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
Page 179 and 180: 8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
Page 181 and 182: 8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
Page 183 and 184: 8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
Page 185 and 186: 8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
Page 187 and 188: 8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
Page 189 and 190: 8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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