An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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A.1. Data Storage 264 Description CPU Dual Intel(R) Xeon(TM) CPU 2.40GHz Memory 512MB Motherboard Supermicro P4DP8-G2 Front-side bus speed 400Mhz PCI Word Size 64 bit PCI Speed 66/100/133Mhz OS Redhat Linux 7.2 Table A.1: Hardware and software configuration of PCs used for RAID performance tests. Controller Raid Controller Type PCI Interface Driver Version ICP GDT8546RZ SATA 64bit 33/66Mhz 2.03 3Ware 7505-8 ATA 64bit 33Mhz 1.02.00.031 3Ware 7506-8 ATA 64bit 66Mhz 1.02.00.031 3Ware 7506-8 SATA 64bit 66Mhz 1.02.00.031 Table A.2: RAID Controllers under investigation. Controller Spindle Manufacturer Type Size (Gb) Speed (rpm) Cache Size Maxtor ATA 160 7500 8MB Maxtor SATA 160 7500 8MB Table A.3: Hard disk models used in RAID tests. Linux VFS (Virtual File System) fetches the next block of a file from memory. For the retrieval of data stored on disk in a uniform linear fashion (such as a large file) transfer rates can be increased with larger values of vm.max-readahead. However, increasing the value of vm.max-readahead may result in excess and often unnecessary memory usage. Conversely, lowering this value will result in a decrease in memory usage at the cost of reduced performance.
A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual memory setting in the Linux kernel vm.max-readahead was varied to determine if any improvement in read and write speeds could be achieved. The variable vm.min-readahead which controls the floor of the vm.max-readahead settings was also investigated but was found to have negligible effect and the results are therefore are not presented. The read and write speed tests were performed for a distribution of file sizes ranging from 100MB to 2GB with increments of 100MB in order to give a realistic range of useable data file sizes. Each measurement was repeated five times from which the arithmetic mean value was calculated. This mean was used as the central value from which to determine the standard deviation for the five measurements to determine the standard error on the mean [Boa83]. A.1.3 Results Figures A.1 to A.5 show a series of graphs for read and write speeds versus file sizes for different settings of the Linux variable vm.max-readahead. Due to hardware restrictions, only RAID-5 configurations with an array of 4 disks were investigated. Figure A.6 summarises the RAID-5 results achieved by the various controllers with vm.max-readahead settings of 1200 and also includes 8-disk arrays. Figure A.7 is the equivalent summary graph for RAID-0. The results for 2GB files are also displayed in Table A.4 . All graphs shown for read and write speeds show similar shapes: write speeds typically begin at a relatively high value for small file sizes then drop quite suddenly at around 400MB for all RAID-5 configurations. The graphs flatten off to a relatively low value - approximately 500 to 600Mbit/sec for
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
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1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
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1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
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2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
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2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
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3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
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3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
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3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
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3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
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Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
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4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
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4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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Page 289 and 290: B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
Page 291 and 292: C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
Page 293 and 294: Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
Page 295 and 296: 295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
Page 297 and 298: Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
Page 299 and 300: Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
Page 301 and 302: Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
Page 303 and 304: Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
Page 305 and 306: Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
Page 307 and 308: Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
Page 309 and 310: Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
Page 311 and 312: Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
Page 313 and 314: Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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