An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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A.2. Network Interface Cards 276 Layer 1 propagation. Similarly, the transport of data also relies upon the co-ordination of other hardware components within the PC subsystems. CPU Speed The rate at which data from Applications can be processed and the techniques of scheduling and the processing of hardware through the kernel are determined by the CPU chipset and clock frequencies. Memory Speed and Bus Speed The copying of data to and from main memory into and out of the CPU can be crucial factors when a lot of data is being copied to and from the application. PCI Word Length and Frequency The number of bits that can be transferred at once across the PCI subsystems (the Word Length) [Gro00] and the rate at which data can be placed into the PCI bus (the frequency) imposes a fundamental limit on the rate at which the CPU and chipset architecture can communicate with NIC hardware. UDP packets were used to determine the performance characteristics of a selection of NICs. This is important as the various features of TCP may impose a performance limit and as such would not give a determination of the NIC performance, but the performance of the TCP stack itself. The use of UDP also enables finer control of packet sizes and the rates at which data is generated and sent to the NIC from userspace without modification to any underlying systems. As such, the use of UDP packets should give an indication of the raw performances achievable by suitably programmed applications. As such, a series of tests were developed to measure and determine the performance of the various components that contribute to the performance
A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of data transport. For all tests, server-class rack-mount PCs were used as defined in Table A.5 and Table A.6 using the NICs listed in Table A.7. Description CPU Dual Intel(R) Xeon(TM) Presontia 2.20GHz HT 4 Memory 1GB Motherboard Supermicro P4DP6 Chipset Intel E7500 (Plumas) Front-side bus speed 400Mhz PCI Word Size 64 bit PCI Speed 66/100/133Mhz Kernel Linux 2.4.19 Table A.5: Hardware and Software Configuration of PCs used for NIC performance testing. Description CPU Dual Itanium 2.10GHz (64-bit) Memory 2GB Motherboard HP RX2600 Front-side bus speed 800Mhz PCI Word Size 64 bit PCI Speed 133Mhz Kernel Linux 2.5.72 Table A.6: Hardware and Software Configuration of High Performance Itanium PCs used for NIC performance testing. NIC Chipset Driver Version Intel Pro (Onboard) Intel 82546 e1000 4.4.12 Syskonnect SK9843 sk98lin v6.0 04 Intel PRO/10GbE LR - Ixgb 1.0.45 Table A.7: Hardware and Software Configuration of NICs tested.
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
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1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
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1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
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2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
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2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
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3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
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3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
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3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
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3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
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Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
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4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
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4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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Page 253 and 254: 10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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Page 287 and 288: A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
Page 289 and 290: B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
Page 291 and 292: C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
Page 293 and 294: Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
Page 295 and 296: 295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
Page 297 and 298: Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
Page 299 and 300: Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
Page 301 and 302: Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
Page 303 and 304: Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
Page 305 and 306: Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
Page 307 and 308: Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
Page 309 and 310: Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
Page 311 and 312: Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
Page 313 and 314: Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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