An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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4.6. Summary 76 into slow start. However, this will result in the breaking of the ack clock which is required for stable TCP connections and therefore would take a few RTTs to get back into congestion avoidance. Therefore, TCP Reno was devised to be able to differentiate moderate congestion and react by only halving cwnd. This is called AIMD in reference to increase of cwnd by one segment per RTT when probing and the halving of cwnd upon loss. However, as connection bandwidths and end-to-end latencies of the Internet increase, cwnd has to increase to retain enough state to enable the sliding window mechanism required for reliable delivery of data. As this occurs, the chance of multiple losses of segments in a single window increases. Unfortunately, TCP Reno and TCP Tahoe do not handle such situations well and each will successively call its corresponding loss detection mechanism. The effect of this is the stalling of the TCP connection as it attempts to retransmit what it thinks is lost in the network. Two primary proposals were developed to facilitate the recovery of TCP under multiple packet losses per window. Of the two, Selective Acknowledgments (SACKs) allow the TCP sender to recover from the losses in the order of just one RTT. However, it requires that both the sender and receiver specially implement SACKs in order to operate. TCP NewReno, however, only requires a sender side modification, but it will take an amount of time related to the number of lost packets in order to recover. Otherwise, it will require that a RT O timeout occur at the sender. Overall, it can be seen that many changes have been made over time in order to improve TCP’s behaviour with respect to congestion. In the next Chapter, more recent modifications are considered with the aim of improving performance in high-speed networks.
Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance The role of TCP in network transport is an important one. Not only does it provide reliable replication of data across a multitude of different networks, but it also prevents congestion collapse. This chapter looks into the current application of the TCP protocol, real world implementation difficulties and the effect upon TCP performance. 5.1 TCP Hardware Requirements TCP is often implemented in software. However, the design of the TCP protocol requires certain constraints on physical hardware in order to operate efficiently. This section investigates the effect of physical hardware upon TCP performance. 77
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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Page 35 and 36: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
Page 39 and 40: 2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
Page 41 and 42: 3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
Page 45 and 46: 3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
Page 51 and 52: 4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
Page 55 and 56: 4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
Page 57 and 58: 4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
Page 61 and 62: 4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
Page 63 and 64: 4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
Page 67 and 68: 4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
Page 69 and 70: 4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
Page 71 and 72: 4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
Page 73 and 74: 4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
Page 75: 4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
Page 79 and 80: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
Page 81 and 82: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
Page 83 and 84: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
Page 85 and 86: 5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
Page 97 and 98: 5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
Page 99 and 100: 5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
Page 101 and 102: 5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
Page 109 and 110: 5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
Page 111 and 112: 6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
Page 125 and 126: 6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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