An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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Contents 4 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 Background 40 3.1 Data Intercommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2 Network Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.1 Networking Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.2.2 Test Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.2.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4 Transmission Control Protocol 49 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.2 Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.1 Connection Initialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2.2 Reliable Data Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.2.3 Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.1 Slow Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3.2 Congestion Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.3 Slow Start Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4 Retransmission Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.5 TCP Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.5.1 TCP Tahoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.5.2 TCP Reno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.5.3 Motivation for Improving Loss Detection . . . . . . . . 68 4.5.4 TCP NewReno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.5.5 Selective Acknowledgments (SACKs) . . . . . . . . . . 71
Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5 TCP For High Performance 77 5.1 TCP Hardware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.1.1 Memory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.1.2 Network Framing and Maximum Segment Size . . . . . 80 5.1.3 CPU Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.2 TCP Tuning & Performance Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.1 Standardised Changes to TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.2 Host Queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.3 Driver Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.4 Delayed Acknowledgments & Appropriate Byte Sizing . 90 5.2.5 Dynamic Right Sizing & Receiver Window . . . . . . . 93 5.2.6 Socket Buffer Auto-Tuning & Caching . . . . . . . . . 95 5.3 Network Aid in Congestion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 5.3.1 Explicit Congestion Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.3.2 Active Queue Management & Random Early Detection 99 5.4 Analysis of AIMD Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.4.1 Throughput Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.4.2 Response Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.4.3 TCP Generalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6 New-TCP Transport Algorithms 110 6.1 Survey of New-TCP Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6.1.1 HighSpeed TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.1.2 ScalableTCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Page 1 and 2: An Investigation into Transport Pro
Page 3: Contents List of Figures . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
Page 21 and 22: List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
Page 23 and 24: Publications And Workshops Some of
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
Page 33 and 34: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
Page 39 and 40: 2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
Page 41 and 42: 3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
Page 45 and 46: 3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
Page 51 and 52: 4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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