An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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A.2. Network Interface Cards 286 CPU Kernel Utilisation (percent) 100 80 60 40 20 50 bytes 100 bytes 200 bytes 400 bytes 600 bytes 800 bytes 1000 bytes 1200 bytes 1400 bytes 1472 bytes CPU Kernel Utilisation (percent) 100 80 60 40 20 50 bytes 100 bytes 200 bytes 400 bytes 600 bytes 800 bytes 1000 bytes 1200 bytes 1400 bytes 1472 bytes 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Interpacket Wait-Time (usec) (a) Syskonnect 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Interpacket Wait-Time (usec) (b) Intel Figure A.13: CPU Kernel utilisation of 1Gb/sec NIC cards (66Mhz in 64-bit PCI buses). Therefore, to achieve the same throughput with small packet size more interrupts per unit time are required unless interrupts are generated as a function of time. This would explain the decrease in throughput as a result of using smaller packet sizes. Figure A.13 shows the CPU utilisation of the kernel (networking) thread for the 1Gb/sec Syskonnect and Intel cards as tested in Figure A.10. It shows that the cleaner throughputs achieved by the Intel card also correlate to a much lower CPU utilisation compared to that of the Syskonnect card. This, combined with the high latencies experienced suggests that interrupt coalescing is indeed being utilised by the Intel driver, whilst the high utilisation of the Syskonnect driver affects stable high capacity throughput due to the lack of CPU cycles to service the packets. A.2.5 Summary With suitable hardware, it was shown that Network Interface Cards are capable of delivering close to the performance expected. Related work [GB02] also demonstrates the capability of delivering Gigabit rates with suitable
A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 hardware and software configurations. An important consideration in the deployment of high speed NICs is the CPU overheads associated with the increased rate of packets and the associated rate of hardware interrupts. It was demonstrated that the CPU overhead can be reduced through the use of interrupt coalescing that is available on most NIC drivers. However, this comes at the cost of increased latency of packet receipt (or transfer). It was also demonstrated that the use of large packet sizes is preferable as it combines the benefit of reducing the number of interrupts generated per unit data and also increases the fraction of data being transferred per packet due to the necessity of encapsulation and the associated protocol headers.
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
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1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
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1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
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2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
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2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
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3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
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3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
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3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
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3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
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Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
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4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
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4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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Page 243 and 244: 9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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Page 247 and 248: 10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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Page 253 and 254: 10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
Page 255 and 256: 10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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Page 259 and 260: 10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
Page 261 and 262: A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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Page 267 and 268: A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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Page 271 and 272: A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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Page 283 and 284: A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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Page 289 and 290: B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
Page 291 and 292: C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
Page 293 and 294: Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
Page 295 and 296: 295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
Page 297 and 298: Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
Page 299 and 300: Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
Page 301 and 302: Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
Page 303 and 304: Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
Page 305 and 306: Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
Page 307 and 308: Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
Page 309 and 310: Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
Page 311 and 312: Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
Page 313 and 314: Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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