An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Improvements 88 granularity of 1.024µsec time slices. This value was varied to investigate the effect upon CPU utilisation which was measured using the Unix time command. Figure 5.4 shows the effects of varying the interrupt values on the Intel e1000 (version 5.2.20) driver on back-to-back tests at 1Gb/sec using TCP and iperf on the MB-NG testbed network (See Appendix C.2). In all tests, it can be seen that the most intensive component of CPU utilisation is that of the kernel process, which involves both the memory handling and packet interrupts. Figure 5.4(a) shows the effect of changing the coalescing values on the sender only, with the receiver set to interrupt on every packet (RXIntValue=0). It clearly shows the reduction of CPU load on the sending machine as it approaches 23µsec - which is equivalent to approximately 2 packets (in this case acks) that are received back-to-back due to the use of ABC (See Section 5.2.4) which causes two data packets to be sent back-to-back. As the receiver is constantly interrupting on every (data) packet, its CPU utilisation remains constant. Figure 5.4(b) shows the effects of adjusting the receiver’s RXIntValue. It can be seen that a small change of this value to approximately the time taken to process one packet can reduce the CPU utilisation of the kernel by about half. As it is now the sender which is interrupting on each packet, it can be seen that there is also the benefit of lower CPU utilisation on the sender at the same settings. Figure 5.5 shows similar tests but varying the transmitting TXIntValue coalesce value rather than the receiving. It was observed that altering the TXIntValue on the receiver has no effect on the CPU utilisation of either system. This is due to the fact that even though ack clocking is important to TCP, it does not affect the number
5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Improvements 89 1 0.8 Graph of Sender TX Interrupt Effect on CPU Sender Kernel Receiver Kernel Sender User Receiver User 1 0.8 Graph of Receiver TX Interrupt Effect on CPU Sender Kernel Receiver Kernel Sender User Receiver User CPU Load (fraction) 0.6 0.4 CPU Load (fraction) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 RXInt (usec) (a) Sender 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 RXInt (usec) (b) Recevier Figure 5.5: Effect of varying TX Interrupt values on CPU load. of data packets that are injected into the network if the acks are slightly delayed. The effect of varying the transmit interrupt on the sender is that there is an initially high CPU requirement as the the driver attempts to interrupt for every packet (
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An Investigation into Transport Pro
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Contents List of Figures . . . . .
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Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
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Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
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Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
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List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
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List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
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List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
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List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
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List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
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List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
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Publications And Workshops Some of
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1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
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1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
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Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
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2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
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2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
Page 39 and 40: 2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
Page 41 and 42: 3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
Page 45 and 46: 3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
Page 51 and 52: 4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
Page 55 and 56: 4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
Page 57 and 58: 4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
Page 61 and 62: 4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
Page 63 and 64: 4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
Page 67 and 68: 4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
Page 69 and 70: 4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
Page 71 and 72: 4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
Page 73 and 74: 4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
Page 75 and 76: 4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
Page 79 and 80: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
Page 81 and 82: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
Page 83 and 84: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
Page 85 and 86: 5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
Page 87: 5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
Page 97 and 98: 5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
Page 99 and 100: 5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
Page 101 and 102: 5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
Page 109 and 110: 5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
Page 111 and 112: 6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
Page 125 and 126: 6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
Page 133 and 134: 6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
Page 137 and 138: 7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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