An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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Abstract The future of Grid technology relies on the successful and efficient movement of control information and raw data around the world to interconnect computers that form the backbone of the Internet. It has been estimated that Petabytes of data will be replicated and consumed across many sites worldwide in projects such as the LHC and AstroGrid. This thesis focuses on the performance issues related to replicating such large volumes of data across the Internet for the successful deployment of Grid in the near future. More specifically, the main content of the thesis focuses on the reliable transport protocols that are necessary for checkpoint and replication data. It is shown that the existing Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) algorithms are insufficient to make use of the increased network capacities of high speed long distance networks. Many new proposals have been put forth to solve this problem. They are described and extensively explored in a set of simulated, lab-based and real-life tests in order to validate the theoretical models and experimental results from real-world application. As the issues of new transport protocols are not solely a matter of the total achievable throughput for a single user, but a problem of network stability and fairness, a set of performance parameters based on these metrics are also investigated. 2
Contents List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Publications And Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1 Introduction 24 1.1 Research Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.2 Research Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.4 Dissertation Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 High Energy Particle Physics 29 2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2 Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3 Data Volumes and Regional Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 Data Transfer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.1 Tier-0 to Tier-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.2 Tier-1 to Tier-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.3 Tier-2 to Tier-3/4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3
Page 1: An Investigation into Transport Pro
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
Page 21 and 22: List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
Page 23 and 24: Publications And Workshops Some of
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
Page 33 and 34: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
Page 39 and 40: 2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
Page 41 and 42: 3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
Page 45 and 46: 3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
Page 47 and 48: 3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 Transmission Control Prot
Page 51 and 52: 4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
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4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
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4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
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4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
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4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
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4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
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4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
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4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
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4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
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4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
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4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
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4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
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4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
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Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
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5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
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5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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