An Investigation into Transport Protocols and Data Transport ...

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3.3. Summary 48 It clearly shows that that the network component is the overriding performance bottleneck for TCP. The structure of the graph show that there are certain operating regions from the results at which the points ‘cluster’. This was found to be a result of effect of socket buffers (See Section 5.1.1) which limit the physical memory allocation to TCP, and hence the achievable throughputs. 3.3 Summary Grid fabric components of storage and network hardware are investigated and presented in Appendix A. In summary, the tests demonstrate that the hardware potential for transferring data at greater than Gbit/sec rates is perfectly feasible. Test transfers across real production networks were conducted were conducted using both the stateless UDP protocol and the standard TCP protocol using memory-to-memory data copying between RAL in the UK and CERN in Switzerland. It was discovered that the UDP protocol consistently performed a lot better than TCP, achieving on average about a factor of 2 difference in throughput. As much of the Internet traffic relies on the reliable replication of data across sites, TCP is a fundamental protocol in the performance of all Internet-based applications. As such, further investigation as to why TCP is incapable of achieving high throughput transport is warranted.
Chapter 4 Transmission Control Protocol The movement of bits across a network requires both hardware and software to co-ordinate the copying of data from one machine to another. The dynamics and performance of this interaction is presented in the previous chapter and in Appendix A. Real world transfers of data were conducted. It was found that the performance of TCP from Switzerland to England was only half that of the UDP protocol. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [Pos81b, Bra89, APS99] is the most widely used transport protocol in the Internet and provides applications with reliable, byte-oriented delivery of data on top of the stateless Internet Protocol. In this chapter we look more closely at TCP to find out why it has become the de-facto transport protocol on the Internet. 49
Page 1 and 2: An Investigation into Transport Pro
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of Figures . . . . .
Page 5 and 6: Contents 5 4.6 Summary . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Contents 7 8.2 Test Calibration . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents 9 10.3.5 Further Tests . .
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures 11 5.7 Effect on cw
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures 13 8.16 Unfairness
Page 15 and 16: List of Figures 15 8.32 Friendlines
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures 17 9.19 Dynamic swi
Page 19 and 20: List of Figures 19 D.1 Internet pat
Page 21 and 22: List of Tables 21 A.1 Hardware and
Page 23 and 24: Publications And Workshops Some of
Page 25 and 26: 1.2. Research Scope 25 • Identifi
Page 27 and 28: 1.4. Dissertation Outline 27 • Id
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 2 High Energy Particle Phys
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Analysis Methods 31 the data i
Page 33 and 34: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 35 and 36: 2.3. Data Volumes and Regional Cent
Page 37 and 38: 2.4. Data Transfer Requirements 37
Page 39 and 40: 2.5. Summary 39 data, the most impo
Page 41 and 42: 3.1. Data Intercommunication 41 mov
Page 43 and 44: 3.2. Network Monitoring 43 Whilst l
Page 45 and 46: 3.2. Network Monitoring 45 Internet
Page 47: 3.2. Network Monitoring 47 1 0.8 Bo
Page 51 and 52: 4.1. Overview 51 Throughput Delay L
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. Protocol Description 53 is dep
Page 55 and 56: 4.2. Protocol Description 55 As a r
Page 57 and 58: 4.3. Congestion Control 57 excessiv
Page 59 and 60: 4.3. Congestion Control 59 probe fo
Page 61 and 62: 4.4. Retransmission Timeout 61 tion
Page 63 and 64: 4.5. TCP Variants 63 mechanisms are
Page 65 and 66: 4.5. TCP Variants 65 connection ini
Page 67 and 68: 4.5. TCP Variants 67 20 15 cwnd sst
Page 69 and 70: 4.5. TCP Variants 69 no more acks t
Page 71 and 72: 4.5. TCP Variants 71 [Hoe96]. In bo
Page 73 and 74: 4.5. TCP Variants 73 TCP Timestamps
Page 75 and 76: 4.6. Summary 75 traffic for a parti
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 5 TCP For High Performance
Page 79 and 80: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 79 G
Page 81 and 82: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 81 1
Page 83 and 84: 5.1. TCP Hardware Requirements 83 C
Page 85 and 86: 5.2. TCP Tuning & Performance Impro
Page 97 and 98: 5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.3. Network Aid in Congestion Dete
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5.4. Analysis of AIMD Congestion Co
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5.5. Summary 109 5.5 Summary Even t
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6.1. Survey of New-TCP Algorithms 1
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6.2. Discussion and Deployment Cons
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6.3. Summary 133 6.3 Summary The re
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Chapter 7 Testing Framework for the
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7.1. Metrics 137 various New-TCP al
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7.1. Metrics 139 assuming equilibri
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7.2. Environment 141 of packets in
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7.2. Environment 143 T 0 B, T T 1 F
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Chapter 8 Systematic Tests of New-T
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8.1. Methodology 147 fed into the d
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8.1. Methodology 149 Various other
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8.2. Test Calibration 151 Goodput (
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8.2. Test Calibration 153 cwnd and
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8.2. Test Calibration 155 100 1 Agg
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8.2. Test Calibration 157 1000 FAST
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8.3. Results 159 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 161 14 12 HSTCP 1 α H
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8.3. Results 163 cwnd (packets) 120
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8.3. Results 165 Fraction Bytes Ret
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8.3. Results 167 1200 1000 HTCP 1 H
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8.3. Results 169 This is due to the
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8.3. Results 171 4000 3500 3000 HTC
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8.3. Results 173 800 700 600 Standa
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8.3. Results 175 1 1 Fairness Ratio
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8.3. Results 177 10 100 Total Throu
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8.3. Results 179 1000 Standard TCP
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8.3. Results 181 600 500 Standard T
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8.4. Discussion of Results 183 Asym
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8.4. Discussion of Results 185 New-
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8.4. Discussion of Results 187 Asym
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8.5. Summary 189 The importance of
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9.1. Transfer Tests Across Dedicate
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9.2. Preferential Flow Handling Usi
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9.3. Internet Transfers 229 can cau
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9.3. Internet Transfers 231 Stanfor
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9.3. Internet Transfers 233 10 1 St
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9.3. Internet Transfers 235 1000 90
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9.3. Internet Transfers 237 Fractio
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9.3. Internet Transfers 239 10000 c
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9.3. Internet Transfers 241 achieve
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9.4. Summary 243 performance of sin
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9.4. Summary 245 Nevertheless, a Di
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10.1. Summary 247 PCs. But at 1Gb/s
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 249
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10.2. New-TCP Suitability Study 251
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10.3. Future Directions 253 low ove
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10.3. Future Directions 255 porates
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10.3. Future Directions 257 A more
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10.4. Conclusion 259 This dissertat
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A.1. Data Storage 261 with the choi
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A.1. Data Storage 263 gether with h
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A.1. Data Storage 265 The virtual m
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A.1. Data Storage 267 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 269 Read Speed (M
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A.1. Data Storage 271 1600 1600 140
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 273 la
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 275 de
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 277 of
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 279 PC
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 281 70
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 283 Th
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 285 20
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A.2. Network Interface Cards 287 ha
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B.2. Wide Area Network Tests 289 Da
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C.3. DataTAG 291 Cisco 7606 Cisco 7
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Appendix D Network Paths of Interne
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295 ham02gva.datatag.org:192.91.239
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Bibliography 297 [All03] [AMA + 99]
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Bibliography 299 [BPSK96] H. Balakr
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Bibliography 301 [DC02] [ea02] [FF9
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Bibliography 303 [Flo03] [Flo04] S.
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Bibliography 305 [Hoe96] [IET] [Jac
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Bibliography 307 [KRB05] [Lah00] [L
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Bibliography 309 [MHR03] [MM96] M.
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Bibliography 311 [Pos81a] J. Postel
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Bibliography 313 [tePM] IEPM Intern
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