Latin America; in English (pdf) - Transboundary Freshwater Dispute ...

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TABLE 3.5 HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILITY IN SOUTH A MERICA’S INTERNA- TIONAL BASINS. HIGH RISK Silala Basin Countries: Bolivia, Chile Risk Factors: • Existing Diplomatic Situation • Lack of Treaty • Lack of Management Structure • Historical Context • Lack of agreement on whether the basin is international MEDIUM H IGH R ISK Orinoco Basin Countries: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela Risk Factors: • Lack of Treaty • Lack of Management Structure • Increasing Pollution Essequibo Basin Countries: Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela Risk Factors: • Lack of Treaty • Lack of Management Structure • Increasing Pollution • Border tensions between Venezuela and Guyana MEDIUM LOW RISK Amazon Basin Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guinea, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela Risk Factors: • Increasing Pollution • Large Basin • Young Organization La Plata Basin Countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Risk Factors: • Increasing Pollution • Hidrovía Project • Population Increase by 2025 Lake Titicaca Basin Countries: Bolivia, Peru Risk Factors: • Increasing Pollution • Young Organization • Social Unrest LOW RISK Remainder of basins Crocodiles, Brazil. Photo credit: forestryimages.org. 72 — Hydropolitical Vulnerability and Resilience along International Waters: Latin America and the Caribbean
Urubamba River, Peru. Photo credit: Keith Davis. reasons suggested for why this is the case, from lack of education of the people in the basin to lack of outreach by ALT to the fact that engineers run most of the organization and their “culture” is thought to look at the technical aspects of the situation, rather than the human aspect (Roneltap et al. 2004). As this area of both countries has been volatile in the past, with rural uprisings due to disagreements between the people and the federal governments and, at least on the Bolivian side, the population living around Lake Titicaca does not look at ALT in a positive light, these play large roles in how susceptible the basin is to potential disputes. The second factor that contributes to vulnerability which ALT has not been able to make much progress in is the level of poverty that the basin experiences. The poverty levels of both countries in the Lake Titicaca basin, as mentioned earlier, hover around 70%. With such high indexes, successful management is hindered by the lack of basic needs. The population in the basin on the Peruvian side of the border only has 19% coverage of adequate drinking water and 20% for basic sanitation services. The Bolivians are better off in terms of drinking water at 24% coverage, but sanitation is at a lowly 13% (UNESCO 2003b). Improvements in basic services need to be carried out before proper governance can take hold of the basin. As an institution, ALT operates smoothly and has been very successful at the initiatives it has set out to accomplish (UNESCO 2003b). Although there have been tensions between the national governments of the basin-states and their citizens regarding Lake Titicaca, the two countries have been very close neighbors. The resiliency of the organization runs deep and if more programs are implemented that increase Dog on board, Amazon boat. Photo credit: Iva Nafzinger. Chapter 3. Hydropolitical Vulnerability, South America — 73
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Copyright © 2007, United Nations E
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CHAPTER 3. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
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MAPS Map 1 (A) Climate regions ....
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PREFACE Wherever a major river, lak
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FOREWORD During the 2002 World Summ
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project, exem
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Figure 1.2 International river basi
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a more accurate gauge of hydropolit
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Scientist conducting ecological res
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The great waterfall of Iguazú, on
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Canal of Artibonite River, Haiti. T
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Jaribu storks, Pantanal (Brazil), P
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Ricefield with water buffalo and eg
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TABLE 2.2 INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN
Page 39 and 40: Haitian people who live in the hill
Page 41 and 42: Río Goascorán en el puesto fronte
Page 43 and 44: El lago cerce de Tehscall, El Salva
Page 45 and 46: Verrettes waterfall, Haiti. Photo c
Page 47 and 48: Landslide damage in the aftermath o
Page 49 and 50: The Cimarron project has provoked s
Page 51 and 52: Damage along Choluteca River in the
Page 53 and 54: 2.6 GOVERNANCE IN INTERNATIONAL RIV
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 2.9 CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE W
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2.2 Lempa River Basin. trans
Page 59 and 60: Lining up for water in the aftermat
Page 61 and 62: In the aftermath of tropical storm
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 3. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 65 and 66: Paraná River beach in Empedrado, C
Page 67 and 68: Boat houses, Amazon. Photo credit:
Page 69 and 70: Washing clothes, Amazon. Photo cred
Page 71 and 72: Sawmill on Amazon, photo credit: Gr
Page 73 and 74: Confluence of Iguazu and Paraná Ri
Page 75 and 76: Sudden storm sends tourists running
Page 77 and 78: In the semi-arid “backlands” of
Page 79 and 80: “Fish sold here, 24 hours.” Fis
Page 81 and 82: Woman earns income by selling craft
Page 83 and 84: Public infrastructure project (road
Page 85 and 86: high population residing within the
Page 87 and 88: Uruguay River merging into Rio de l
Page 89: issues and not in others. The const
Page 93 and 94: Seaplane lands near shipping docks,
Page 95 and 96: Uruguay River seen from Argentina c
Page 97 and 98: ATLAS OF HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILI
Page 99 and 100: A B Map 2 (A) Groundwater Aquifers.
Page 101 and 102: SOCIOECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL PARA
Page 103 and 104: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY A B Map 6 (A
Page 105 and 106: A B Map 8 (A) Institutional Capacit
Page 107 and 108: APPENDICES Appendices — 89
Page 109 and 110: APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATE
Page 111 and 112: AMAZON * Total area: 5,866,100 km 2
Page 113 and 114: CANDELARIA Total area: 12,800 km 2
Page 115 and 116: COATAN ACHUTE Total area: 2000 km 2
Page 117 and 118: HONDO Total area 14,600.00 km 2 Are
Page 119 and 120: LAKE TITICACA-POOPO SYSTEM Total ar
Page 121 and 122: LA PLATA * Total area: 2,954,500 km
Page 123 and 124: Comisión Administradora del Río d
Page 125 and 126: MARONI * Total area: 65,000 km 2 Ar
Page 127 and 128: PEDERNALES Total area: 400 km 2 Are
Page 129 and 130: SIXAOLA Total area: 2,900 km 2 Area
Page 131 and 132: USUMACINTA- GRIJALVA Total area: 12
Page 133 and 134: LA PLATA A short section of the bou
Page 135 and 136: Participating countries: Dominican
Page 137 and 138: Participating countries: Argentina,
Page 139 and 140: Uruguay to implement their shared v
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Plan Trifinio The Plan Trifinio con
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Participating countries: Costa Rica
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USUMACINTA-GRIJALVA Red de Investig
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LA PLATA Power Plant Dona Francisca
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REFERENCES Agencia Gráfica del Sur
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egional Environmental Profile. Inte
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INDEX OF BASIN NAMES Amazon .......
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