Europe - UNEP

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ACRONYMS GEF Global Environmental Fund IHE International Hydrological Programme IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources BBC British Broadcasting Corporation EEA European Environment Agency EPA Environmental Protection Agency EU The European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System HADCM3 Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 HDI Human Development Index ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River IHP International Hydrological Programme IPPC International Panel on Climate Change IWED International Water Event Database IWLRI International Water Law Research Institute IWRM Integrated Water and Resources Management NGO Non-governmental organization NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OSU Oregon State University PCCP Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential RBO River Basin Organizations SAP Strategic Action Programme TACIS Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP-DEWA United Nations Environment Program – Division of Early Warning and Assessment UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNWC United Nations Water Conference USAID United States Agency for International Development WFD Water Framework Directive YILC Yearbook of the International Law Commission viii
PREFACE Within many international river basins including those in Europe, the demand for water for domestic, industrial, and environmental purposes is growing annually. Thus nations sharing river systems, lakes, and aquifers are becoming more vulnerable to tensions and conflicts, and climate change will, in many places, intensify these challenges. Monitoring, predicting, and pre-empting transboundary water conflicts, particularly in developing countries will become ever more central to future human and environmental security. The good news is that, historically, nations across the world have often chosen cooperation over conflict when it comes to water—”hydro-diplomacy” and “hydrological cooperation” are now at the forefront of scientific enquiry so that the lessons learnt from the past can guide current and future policy-makers in water management decisions. This report focuses on the challenges and the opportunities facing Europe—a continent that enjoys relatively abundant water resources. On average, up to 3,200 m 3 of water is available annually for every European inhabitant, of which only 660 m 3 is being extracted. However, while European citizens only utilize around 20% of the available water supply, water is distributed unevenly across the Continent and there is a wide range in the average runoff across European basins. For instance, Cyprus and Malta have less than 160 mm annual runoff, and parts of Spain have less than 25 mm. In contrast, the highest annual runoff rates are more than 1,700 mm in Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and the Netherlands. Meanwhile, several basins in Central Europe, from the Seine to the Dnieper, are showing lower runoff values, which may lead to rising water stress as populations climb. Major regional institutions like the European Union (EU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), often supported by the international community, are involved in influencing the hydropolitical situation of transboundary waters in Europe. The EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the 1992 Helsinki Convention under the UN Economic Commission for Europe are key instruments that continue to shape improved management of transboundary water bodies. Activities of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) relating to freshwater compliment these strategies by taking an ecosystem management approach set against the backdrop of its work on climate change. UNEP’s activities are also guided by the Millennium Development Goals, the targets and timetable outlined in the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the work of UN-Water. ix ix
Page 5 and 6: Copyright © 2009, United Nations E
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 9: LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES, MAPS, AND
Page 13 and 14: FOREWORD The most influential regio
Page 15 and 16: maps; and our gratitude is extended
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 International river basi
Page 21 and 22: • international agreements and in
Page 23 and 24: Schlossplatz (Palace Place), downto
Page 25 and 26: Excursion boat on the Elbe River, H
Page 27 and 28: River Sava, Belgrade, Serbia. Photo
Page 29 and 30: Along the Golden Horn, an inlet of
Page 31 and 32: Garbage and debris caught in branch
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES TO EUROPE’S
Page 35 and 36: The Rhône River with a low water l
Page 37 and 38: RIVER BASIN TOTAL AREA (KM 2 ) AREA
Page 39 and 40: Total abstraction per year/Long ter
Page 41 and 42: Snowfields, Dolomites, Italy. Photo
Page 43 and 44: The aftermath of flooding in wester
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3. THE EVOLUTION OF CONFLIC
Page 47 and 48: Snov River, a tributary of the Dnie
Page 49 and 50: groundwater from pollution that man
Page 51 and 52: Floating restaurants in the foregro
Page 53 and 54: Tejo/Tagus River seen from Portas d
Page 55 and 56: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 57 and 58: Stora Enso pulp and paper mill in O
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4. MAJOR TRENDS IN CONFLICT
Page 61 and 62:
Mute swans in canal fed by Soestwet
Page 63 and 64:
setting emission limits, licensing
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Tour boat on canal in Brugge, Belgi
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Boaters on the Lahn River (Rhine ba
Page 69 and 70:
in harmonising environmental impact
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At the bilateral or basin level som
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Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
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Brewery, Brugge, Belgium. Photo cre
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Barges and boats on the River Sava
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chapter elucidated that a survey of
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CHAPTER 5. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
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Vop River (tributary of the Dnieper
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Dnieper Delta near the Black Sea, a
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Figure 5.2 The Danube River Basin.
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Danube River flowing through Novi S
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Bridge over the Narva River (Estoni
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Waterfront club on the Emajõgi Riv
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Narva hydroelectric station on the
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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION Alistair Rieu
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Rudesheim, Rhine River, Germany. Ph
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ATLAS OF HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILI
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A B Map 2 (A) Groundwater Aquifers.
Page 105 and 106:
SOCIOECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL PARA
Page 107 and 108:
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY A B Map 6 (A
Page 109 and 110:
A B Map 8 (A) Institutional Capacit
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APPENDICES Stone fountain, Rome. Ph
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APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATE
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BIDASOA Total area: 500 km 2 Area o
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Convention regarding the regime of
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Convention between the Government o
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DAUGAVA* Total area: 58,700 km 2 Ar
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DNIESTER* Total area: 62,000 km 2 A
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DOURO/DUERO Total area: 98,900 km 2
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ELBE Total area: 132,200 km 2 Area
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ENNINGSDALSELVA* TREATIES AND AGREE
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GLAMA Total area: 43,000 km 2 Area
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ISONZO Total area: 3,000 km 2 Area
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KLARALVEN Total area: 51,000 km 2 A
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LAKE PRESPA Total area: 9,000 km 2
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LIMA Total area: 2,300 km 2 Area of
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MINHO/MIÑO Total area: 15,100 km 2
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NARVA* Total area: 53,000 km 2 Area
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NESTOS Total area: 10,200 km 2 Area
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OLANGA Total area: 18,800 km 2 Area
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PASVIK Total area: 16,000 km 2 Area
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PO Total area: 87,100 km 2 Area of
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Traite entre la Suisse et l’Autri
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Agreement between the government of
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RHONE Total area: 100,200 km 2 Area
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ROIA/ROYA Total area: 600 km 2 Area
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SCHELDE Total area: 17,100 km 2 Are
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STRUMA* Total area: 15,000 km 2 Are
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TANA Total area: 15,600 km 2 Area o
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TULOMA Total area: 25,800 km 2 Area
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VISTULA/WISTA Total area: 194,000 k
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VUOKSA Total area: 62,700 km 2 Area
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Convention on environmental impact
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NEMAN Border problems between Byela
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Participating countries: Bulgaria,
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DANUBE - SAVA SUBBASIN Sava River B
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EU-P -Project “Integrated Managem
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GEF IW project: Development and Imp
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APPENDIX 4. TENDERS FOR LARGE PROJE
Page 187 and 188:
REFERENCES Alliance for lake cooper
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sound Technology (TEST) to Reduce T
Page 191 and 192:
water. Specific information about t
Page 193 and 194:
INDEX OF BASIN NAMES Bann .........
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Europe - UNEP

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