Europe - UNEP

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View of Great War Island (Veliko Ratno Ostrvo) at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers in Belgrade, Serbia. Photo credit: Milan Vatovec. Figure 2.1 Map of EU and UNECE membership countries. large basins (e.g., the Danube) shared between 17 countries, to 39 basins shared between only two countries. In terms of size, basins vary from the 60 km 2 (the Flurry basin in United Kingdom and Northern Ireland) to 1,554,900 km 2 (the Volga basin shared by Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus). Most European countries are reliant on water resources that originate outside their territory; in 16 European countries, more than 90% of the country is located within an international river basin. For example, while Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, and Portugal rely on neighboring countries for 40% of their water resources, the Netherlands and the Slovak Republic rely on 80%, and Hungary relies on neighboring countries for as much as 95% of its water resources (see Map 6 (A)). 18 — Hydropolitical Vulnerability and Resilience along International Waters: Europe
The Rhône River with a low water level near Saint-Maurice, Switzerland. Photo credit: Dake, via Wikimedia Commons. 2.2 WATER AVAILABILITY Europe enjoys relatively abundant water resources. On average, up to 3,200 m 3 of water is available annually for every European inhabitant, with only 660 m 3 being extracted (EEA, 2009). However, while European citizens only utilize around 20% of the available water supply, water is distributed unevenly across Europe; a wide range in the average runoff amount exists across European basins (see Map 1 (B)). For instance, Cyprus and Malta have less than 160 mm annual runoff, and parts of Spain receive less than 25 mm. In contrast, the highest annual runoff rates are more than 1,700 mm (e.g., in Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and the Netherlands; EEA, 2003a). Some countries that usually have sufficient water available may be water stressed at certain times of the year or in certain years (UNEP, 2004). 1 While water stress is not a severe problem in Europe because the continent is relatively well watered compared to Africa or the Middle East, several basins in Central Europe, from the Seine to the Dnieper, show lower runoff values, which, with increasing populations, may lead to more water stress (see Map 4(B)). While the latter basins’ per capita availability puts their populations closer to the critical threshold for water stress, the figures do not account for spatial variability or technological innovations such as desalination or pumping of groundwater. 2 Similarly, according to the EEA’s water exploitation index eight European countries are water stressed (Germany, England and Wales, Italy, Malta, Belgium, Spain, Bulgaria, and Cyprus; see Figure 2.2). While the majority of water abstraction in Germany, England and Wales, Bulgaria, and Belgium is for non-consumptive use, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, and Malta face significant pressures given the high level of consumptive use vis-à-vis water availability). Recent droughts throughout Europe have also shown that water resource problems are not limited to semiarid regions (UNEP, 2004). 1 Levels of water stress are calculated on the basis of cubic meters of water available per person per year. 2 Socioeconomic indicators show that there is a wide disparity between European countries, with Western European countries generally enjoying higher rates of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and human development rankings than other parts of Europe (UNECE 2003). Chapter 2. Challenges to Europe’s Water Resources — 19
Page 5 and 6: Copyright © 2009, United Nations E
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 9 and 10: LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES, MAPS, AND
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Within many international r
Page 13 and 14: FOREWORD The most influential regio
Page 15 and 16: maps; and our gratitude is extended
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 International river basi
Page 21 and 22: • international agreements and in
Page 23 and 24: Schlossplatz (Palace Place), downto
Page 25 and 26: Excursion boat on the Elbe River, H
Page 27 and 28: River Sava, Belgrade, Serbia. Photo
Page 29 and 30: Along the Golden Horn, an inlet of
Page 31 and 32: Garbage and debris caught in branch
Page 33: CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES TO EUROPE’S
Page 37 and 38: RIVER BASIN TOTAL AREA (KM 2 ) AREA
Page 39 and 40: Total abstraction per year/Long ter
Page 41 and 42: Snowfields, Dolomites, Italy. Photo
Page 43 and 44: The aftermath of flooding in wester
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3. THE EVOLUTION OF CONFLIC
Page 47 and 48: Snov River, a tributary of the Dnie
Page 49 and 50: groundwater from pollution that man
Page 51 and 52: Floating restaurants in the foregro
Page 53 and 54: Tejo/Tagus River seen from Portas d
Page 55 and 56: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 57 and 58: Stora Enso pulp and paper mill in O
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4. MAJOR TRENDS IN CONFLICT
Page 61 and 62: Mute swans in canal fed by Soestwet
Page 63 and 64: setting emission limits, licensing
Page 65 and 66: Tour boat on canal in Brugge, Belgi
Page 67 and 68: Boaters on the Lahn River (Rhine ba
Page 69 and 70: in harmonising environmental impact
Page 71 and 72: At the bilateral or basin level som
Page 73 and 74: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 75 and 76: Brewery, Brugge, Belgium. Photo cre
Page 77 and 78: Barges and boats on the River Sava
Page 79 and 80: chapter elucidated that a survey of
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 5. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 83 and 84: Vop River (tributary of the Dnieper
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Dnieper Delta near the Black Sea, a
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Figure 5.2 The Danube River Basin.
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Danube River flowing through Novi S
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Bridge over the Narva River (Estoni
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Waterfront club on the Emajõgi Riv
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Narva hydroelectric station on the
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CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION Alistair Rieu
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Rudesheim, Rhine River, Germany. Ph
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ATLAS OF HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILI
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A B Map 2 (A) Groundwater Aquifers.
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SOCIOECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL PARA
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INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY A B Map 6 (A
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A B Map 8 (A) Institutional Capacit
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APPENDICES Stone fountain, Rome. Ph
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APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATE
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BIDASOA Total area: 500 km 2 Area o
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Convention regarding the regime of
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Convention between the Government o
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DAUGAVA* Total area: 58,700 km 2 Ar
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DNIESTER* Total area: 62,000 km 2 A
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DOURO/DUERO Total area: 98,900 km 2
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ELBE Total area: 132,200 km 2 Area
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ENNINGSDALSELVA* TREATIES AND AGREE
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GLAMA Total area: 43,000 km 2 Area
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ISONZO Total area: 3,000 km 2 Area
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KLARALVEN Total area: 51,000 km 2 A
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LAKE PRESPA Total area: 9,000 km 2
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LIMA Total area: 2,300 km 2 Area of
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MINHO/MIÑO Total area: 15,100 km 2
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NARVA* Total area: 53,000 km 2 Area
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NESTOS Total area: 10,200 km 2 Area
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OLANGA Total area: 18,800 km 2 Area
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PASVIK Total area: 16,000 km 2 Area
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PO Total area: 87,100 km 2 Area of
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Traite entre la Suisse et l’Autri
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Agreement between the government of
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RHONE Total area: 100,200 km 2 Area
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ROIA/ROYA Total area: 600 km 2 Area
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SCHELDE Total area: 17,100 km 2 Are
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STRUMA* Total area: 15,000 km 2 Are
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TANA Total area: 15,600 km 2 Area o
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TULOMA Total area: 25,800 km 2 Area
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VISTULA/WISTA Total area: 194,000 k
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VUOKSA Total area: 62,700 km 2 Area
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Convention on environmental impact
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NEMAN Border problems between Byela
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Participating countries: Bulgaria,
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DANUBE - SAVA SUBBASIN Sava River B
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EU-P -Project “Integrated Managem
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GEF IW project: Development and Imp
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APPENDIX 4. TENDERS FOR LARGE PROJE
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REFERENCES Alliance for lake cooper
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sound Technology (TEST) to Reduce T
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water. Specific information about t
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INDEX OF BASIN NAMES Bann .........
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