Europe - UNEP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Tourist fills a water bottle from a public fountain, Rome. Photo credit: Keith Davis. 42 — Hydropolitical Vulnerability and Resilience along International Waters: Europe
CHAPTER 4. MAJOR TRENDS IN CONFLICT AND COOPERATION Alistair Rieu-Clarke The aim of this chapter is to assess the range of legal and institutional mechanisms that exist in Europe to monitor, predict, and pre-empt transboundary water conflicts. Trends in cooperative mechanisms related to European transboundary waters are identified using an analytical framework in order to assess the legal scope, substantive water rights and obligations, procedural rules and mechanisms, dispute resolution mechanisms, and institutional arrangements. This analytical framework recognises the fact that the existence of an agreement between countries over their transboundary waters is not in itself sufficient to ensure hydropolitical resilience. The chapter makes the assumption that in order for a legal framework for transboundary waters to be equitable and sustainable over the long-term, a set of key components must be present. This chapter assesses how these key components have been developed within the European transboundary water context. 4.1 LEGAL SCOPE: SURFACE WATER TO DRAINAGE BASINS The first section assesses how legal and institutional arrangements leading to cooperation over transboundary waters in Europe have dealt with geographic scope. It is necessary to ensure that international regimes regulate all countries’ activities that might have a significant adverse impact on the interests of other countries sharing the same waters in order to promote hydropolitical resilience between countries. Adopting a basin approach is largely recognised as the most appropriate method of achieving such security (Wescoat, 1992). The most pertinent issues to consider are the inclusion of both surface and groundwater, the coverage of confined groundwater, and the accommodation for relevant linkages between land and water. In line with the increasing number of uses of Europe’s water resources, transboundary agreements have generally broadened their geographic scope to include surface and groundwater, and in some circumstances, the entire drainage basin. The 1992 Helsinki Convention defined “transboundary waters” in Article 1 as, “any surface or groundwaters which mark, cross or are located on boundaries between two or more States; wherever transboundary waters flow directly into the sea.” The main purpose of the 1992 Helsinki Convention is to require contracting parties to take all appropriate measures to prevent, control, and reduce any transboundary impact. Pursuant to the convention, “transboundary impact” is defined as “any significant adverse effect on the environment resulting from a change in the conditions of transboundary waters caused by a human activity, the physical origin of which is situated wholly or in part within an area under the jurisdiction of a Party, within an area under the jurisdiction of another Party.” The way in which ‘transboundary impact’ is defined under the 1992 Helsinki Convention implies a wide geographic scope; not only does the convention cover transboundary surface water and groundwater but it also covers land-based activity affecting the conditions of transboundary waters. Therefore, the convention would cover pollution from agricultural practices, such as the use of pesticides and fertilisers that filter through the soil and into Chapter 4. Major Trends in Conflict and Cooperation — 43
Page 5 and 6:
Copyright © 2009, United Nations E
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 9 and 10: LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES, MAPS, AND
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Within many international r
Page 13 and 14: FOREWORD The most influential regio
Page 15 and 16: maps; and our gratitude is extended
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 International river basi
Page 21 and 22: • international agreements and in
Page 23 and 24: Schlossplatz (Palace Place), downto
Page 25 and 26: Excursion boat on the Elbe River, H
Page 27 and 28: River Sava, Belgrade, Serbia. Photo
Page 29 and 30: Along the Golden Horn, an inlet of
Page 31 and 32: Garbage and debris caught in branch
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES TO EUROPE’S
Page 35 and 36: The Rhône River with a low water l
Page 37 and 38: RIVER BASIN TOTAL AREA (KM 2 ) AREA
Page 39 and 40: Total abstraction per year/Long ter
Page 41 and 42: Snowfields, Dolomites, Italy. Photo
Page 43 and 44: The aftermath of flooding in wester
Page 45 and 46: CHAPTER 3. THE EVOLUTION OF CONFLIC
Page 47 and 48: Snov River, a tributary of the Dnie
Page 49 and 50: groundwater from pollution that man
Page 51 and 52: Floating restaurants in the foregro
Page 53 and 54: Tejo/Tagus River seen from Portas d
Page 55 and 56: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 57: Stora Enso pulp and paper mill in O
Page 61 and 62: Mute swans in canal fed by Soestwet
Page 63 and 64: setting emission limits, licensing
Page 65 and 66: Tour boat on canal in Brugge, Belgi
Page 67 and 68: Boaters on the Lahn River (Rhine ba
Page 69 and 70: in harmonising environmental impact
Page 71 and 72: At the bilateral or basin level som
Page 73 and 74: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 75 and 76: Brewery, Brugge, Belgium. Photo cre
Page 77 and 78: Barges and boats on the River Sava
Page 79 and 80: chapter elucidated that a survey of
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 5. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 83 and 84: Vop River (tributary of the Dnieper
Page 85 and 86: Dnieper Delta near the Black Sea, a
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.2 The Danube River Basin.
Page 89 and 90: Danube River flowing through Novi S
Page 91 and 92: Bridge over the Narva River (Estoni
Page 93 and 94: Waterfront club on the Emajõgi Riv
Page 95 and 96: Narva hydroelectric station on the
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION Alistair Rieu
Page 99 and 100: Rudesheim, Rhine River, Germany. Ph
Page 101 and 102: ATLAS OF HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILI
Page 103 and 104: A B Map 2 (A) Groundwater Aquifers.
Page 105 and 106: SOCIOECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL PARA
Page 107 and 108: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY A B Map 6 (A
Page 109 and 110:
A B Map 8 (A) Institutional Capacit
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDICES Stone fountain, Rome. Ph
Page 113 and 114:
APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATE
Page 115 and 116:
BIDASOA Total area: 500 km 2 Area o
Page 117 and 118:
Convention regarding the regime of
Page 119 and 120:
Convention between the Government o
Page 121 and 122:
DAUGAVA* Total area: 58,700 km 2 Ar
Page 123 and 124:
DNIESTER* Total area: 62,000 km 2 A
Page 125 and 126:
DOURO/DUERO Total area: 98,900 km 2
Page 127 and 128:
ELBE Total area: 132,200 km 2 Area
Page 129 and 130:
ENNINGSDALSELVA* TREATIES AND AGREE
Page 131 and 132:
GLAMA Total area: 43,000 km 2 Area
Page 133 and 134:
ISONZO Total area: 3,000 km 2 Area
Page 135 and 136:
KLARALVEN Total area: 51,000 km 2 A
Page 137 and 138:
LAKE PRESPA Total area: 9,000 km 2
Page 139 and 140:
LIMA Total area: 2,300 km 2 Area of
Page 141 and 142:
MINHO/MIÑO Total area: 15,100 km 2
Page 143 and 144:
NARVA* Total area: 53,000 km 2 Area
Page 145 and 146:
NESTOS Total area: 10,200 km 2 Area
Page 147 and 148:
OLANGA Total area: 18,800 km 2 Area
Page 149 and 150:
PASVIK Total area: 16,000 km 2 Area
Page 151 and 152:
PO Total area: 87,100 km 2 Area of
Page 153 and 154:
Traite entre la Suisse et l’Autri
Page 155 and 156:
Agreement between the government of
Page 157 and 158:
RHONE Total area: 100,200 km 2 Area
Page 159 and 160:
ROIA/ROYA Total area: 600 km 2 Area
Page 161 and 162:
SCHELDE Total area: 17,100 km 2 Are
Page 163 and 164:
STRUMA* Total area: 15,000 km 2 Are
Page 165 and 166:
TANA Total area: 15,600 km 2 Area o
Page 167 and 168:
TULOMA Total area: 25,800 km 2 Area
Page 169 and 170:
VISTULA/WISTA Total area: 194,000 k
Page 171 and 172:
VUOKSA Total area: 62,700 km 2 Area
Page 173 and 174:
Convention on environmental impact
Page 175 and 176:
NEMAN Border problems between Byela
Page 177 and 178:
Participating countries: Bulgaria,
Page 179 and 180:
DANUBE - SAVA SUBBASIN Sava River B
Page 181 and 182:
EU-P -Project “Integrated Managem
Page 183 and 184:
GEF IW project: Development and Imp
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX 4. TENDERS FOR LARGE PROJE
Page 187 and 188:
REFERENCES Alliance for lake cooper
Page 189 and 190:
sound Technology (TEST) to Reduce T
Page 191 and 192:
water. Specific information about t
Page 193 and 194:
INDEX OF BASIN NAMES Bann .........
show all

Europe - UNEP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?