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Rhine River from Burg Stahleck, Rhineland-Palatinate, alatinate, Germany. . Photo credit: Bryan Pendergrass. 28 — Hydropolitical Vulnerability and Resilience along International Waters: Europe
CHAPTER 3. THE EVOLUTION OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER EUROPE’S TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS Alistair Rieu-Clarke This chapter discusses the evolution of conflicts and cooperation over Europe’s transboundary waters – from the evolution of legal institutions dealing with transboundary waters to newer institutions that are shifting towards regional integration of transboundary water management. The primary institutions depicted are the EU’s Water Framework Directive and the UNECE’s 1992 Helsinki Convention. Despite the history of institutions that promote cooperation, conflicts regarding transboundary water resources occur in Europe. 3.1 THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS RELATING TO TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS A long tradition of cooperation over transboundary waters exists in Europe. The main purpose of multilateral treaties created by European countries during the early nineteenth century was to ensure freedom of navigation and equal treatment between riparian countries (YILC, 1972). The 1814 Treaty of Paris, the 1815 Final Act of Congress of Vienna, the 1831 Convention of Mainz, the 1856 Treaty of Paris, the 1857 Navigation of the Danube Act, the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, and the 1883 Treaty of London all sought to promote the freedom of navigation throughout Europe’s transboundary waters (McCaffrey, 1993). The peace treaties signed following World War I represent a further level of cooperation over European transboundary waters that extend beyond issues of navigation. For example, the 1919 Treaty of Versailles created priority uses between irrigation, fisheries, and navigation. These early agreements tended to focus more on surface water rather than groundwater. Furthermore, they usually only addressed the main stem of a river; excluding tributaries and groundwater (McCaffrey, 1993). A number of these early agreements also included a provision for joint commissions. For instance, the 1895 convention between the Netherlands and Germany, concerning the Niers and the Guelder Niers canal (in the Rhine River basin), established an inspection commission to oversee the implementation of the rights and obligations pursuant to the convention. Furthermore, the 1892 Treaty for the regulation of the Rhine established the International Commission for the regulation of the Rhine River. Similarly, the 1856 Treaty of Paris established a European Commission for the Danube River. In 1922, the Frontier Agreement between Denmark and Germany was created, which established a Frontier Water Commission and a Supreme Frontier Water Commission; the former being responsible for examining and deciding all matters connected with the frontier waters, and the latter acting as a court of final appeal. Furthermore, the 1927 agreement between Spain and Portugal on the River Douro established an international commission to implement the provisions of the agreement. Numerous other agreements were adopted throughout the twentieth century in order to deal with issues such as hydropower production. Examples include the 1930 convention between France and Chapter 3. The Evolution of Conflict and Cooperation over Europe’s Transboundary Waters — 29
Page 5 and 6: Copyright © 2009, United Nations E
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS PREFACE ..................
Page 9 and 10: LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES, MAPS, AND
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Within many international r
Page 13 and 14: FOREWORD The most influential regio
Page 15 and 16: maps; and our gratitude is extended
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2 International river basi
Page 21 and 22: • international agreements and in
Page 23 and 24: Schlossplatz (Palace Place), downto
Page 25 and 26: Excursion boat on the Elbe River, H
Page 27 and 28: River Sava, Belgrade, Serbia. Photo
Page 29 and 30: Along the Golden Horn, an inlet of
Page 31 and 32: Garbage and debris caught in branch
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES TO EUROPE’S
Page 35 and 36: The Rhône River with a low water l
Page 37 and 38: RIVER BASIN TOTAL AREA (KM 2 ) AREA
Page 39 and 40: Total abstraction per year/Long ter
Page 41 and 42: Snowfields, Dolomites, Italy. Photo
Page 43: The aftermath of flooding in wester
Page 47 and 48: Snov River, a tributary of the Dnie
Page 49 and 50: groundwater from pollution that man
Page 51 and 52: Floating restaurants in the foregro
Page 53 and 54: Tejo/Tagus River seen from Portas d
Page 55 and 56: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 57 and 58: Stora Enso pulp and paper mill in O
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4. MAJOR TRENDS IN CONFLICT
Page 61 and 62: Mute swans in canal fed by Soestwet
Page 63 and 64: setting emission limits, licensing
Page 65 and 66: Tour boat on canal in Brugge, Belgi
Page 67 and 68: Boaters on the Lahn River (Rhine ba
Page 69 and 70: in harmonising environmental impact
Page 71 and 72: At the bilateral or basin level som
Page 73 and 74: Hydroelectric power plant on the Sa
Page 75 and 76: Brewery, Brugge, Belgium. Photo cre
Page 77 and 78: Barges and boats on the River Sava
Page 79 and 80: chapter elucidated that a survey of
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 5. HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABI
Page 83 and 84: Vop River (tributary of the Dnieper
Page 85 and 86: Dnieper Delta near the Black Sea, a
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.2 The Danube River Basin.
Page 89 and 90: Danube River flowing through Novi S
Page 91 and 92: Bridge over the Narva River (Estoni
Page 93 and 94: Waterfront club on the Emajõgi Riv
Page 95 and 96:
Narva hydroelectric station on the
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION Alistair Rieu
Page 99 and 100:
Rudesheim, Rhine River, Germany. Ph
Page 101 and 102:
ATLAS OF HYDROPOLITICAL VULNERABILI
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A B Map 2 (A) Groundwater Aquifers.
Page 105 and 106:
SOCIOECONOMIC AND GEOPOLITICAL PARA
Page 107 and 108:
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY A B Map 6 (A
Page 109 and 110:
A B Map 8 (A) Institutional Capacit
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDICES Stone fountain, Rome. Ph
Page 113 and 114:
APPENDIX 1. INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATE
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BIDASOA Total area: 500 km 2 Area o
Page 117 and 118:
Convention regarding the regime of
Page 119 and 120:
Convention between the Government o
Page 121 and 122:
DAUGAVA* Total area: 58,700 km 2 Ar
Page 123 and 124:
DNIESTER* Total area: 62,000 km 2 A
Page 125 and 126:
DOURO/DUERO Total area: 98,900 km 2
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ELBE Total area: 132,200 km 2 Area
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ENNINGSDALSELVA* TREATIES AND AGREE
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GLAMA Total area: 43,000 km 2 Area
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ISONZO Total area: 3,000 km 2 Area
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KLARALVEN Total area: 51,000 km 2 A
Page 137 and 138:
LAKE PRESPA Total area: 9,000 km 2
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LIMA Total area: 2,300 km 2 Area of
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MINHO/MIÑO Total area: 15,100 km 2
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NARVA* Total area: 53,000 km 2 Area
Page 145 and 146:
NESTOS Total area: 10,200 km 2 Area
Page 147 and 148:
OLANGA Total area: 18,800 km 2 Area
Page 149 and 150:
PASVIK Total area: 16,000 km 2 Area
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PO Total area: 87,100 km 2 Area of
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Traite entre la Suisse et l’Autri
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Agreement between the government of
Page 157 and 158:
RHONE Total area: 100,200 km 2 Area
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ROIA/ROYA Total area: 600 km 2 Area
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SCHELDE Total area: 17,100 km 2 Are
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STRUMA* Total area: 15,000 km 2 Are
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TANA Total area: 15,600 km 2 Area o
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TULOMA Total area: 25,800 km 2 Area
Page 169 and 170:
VISTULA/WISTA Total area: 194,000 k
Page 171 and 172:
VUOKSA Total area: 62,700 km 2 Area
Page 173 and 174:
Convention on environmental impact
Page 175 and 176:
NEMAN Border problems between Byela
Page 177 and 178:
Participating countries: Bulgaria,
Page 179 and 180:
DANUBE - SAVA SUBBASIN Sava River B
Page 181 and 182:
EU-P -Project “Integrated Managem
Page 183 and 184:
GEF IW project: Development and Imp
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX 4. TENDERS FOR LARGE PROJE
Page 187 and 188:
REFERENCES Alliance for lake cooper
Page 189 and 190:
sound Technology (TEST) to Reduce T
Page 191 and 192:
water. Specific information about t
Page 193 and 194:
INDEX OF BASIN NAMES Bann .........
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