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Corruption in public health 75
Table 1 OLS results for measles immunization coverage (%
of children ages 12–23 months)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Log of GDP per capita,
PPP (const 2000 int’l $) 2.351 0.808 0.487 –0.136 –1.378
(3.489) (3.561) (2.451) (2.609) (4.212)
Aggregate governance 6.152 5.201
(3.124)* (2.442) †
Government effectiveness 7.026 6.812 8.221
(3.218) † (2.345) ‡ (3.607) †
Average years of schooling
of adults, female 1.888 1.763 2.337
(0.981)* (1.008)* (1.071) †
Primary completion rate,
female 0.293 0.309
(0.067) ‡ (0.073)
Ethnolinguistic and religious
fractionalization –6.021 –4.059 –6.671
(2.271) † (2.263)* (2.284)
Road density –0.037
(0.015) †
Constant 56.180 77.120 57.689 66.128 94.809
(25.664) † (27.959) ‡ (17.318) ‡ (19.704) (33.118)
Observations 71 68 119 112 68
R-squared 0.434 0.473 0.444 0.470 0.497
Robust standard errors in parentheses
Sources: Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2005); Barro and Lee (2000); Alesina, et al.
(2003); World Bank World Development Indicators 2005; World Bank EdStats.
*significant at 10%; † significant at 5%; ‡ significant at 1%
corruption index, which would be expected since immunization is
a relatively simple technology and requires basic government
capacity to do it well. Government effectiveness is consistent in its
effect on immunization coverage. Controlling corruption (not
shown) is significant but less robust than the other two measures,
and voice has no effect at all on the per cent of children immunized.
Road density would also be expected to impede immunization
coverage, which it does, and it is significant. GDP per capita strongly