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The World Health Organisation: a time for reconstitution 243 imposes a prospective cost on those with whom he comes into contact. Similarly, someone who reduces their own likelihood of acquiring a communicable disease thus also confers benefits on other people. Economists describe this phenomenon as an “externality,” and it provides a plausible (though not conclusive) argument in support of some role for government in the foreground of healthrelated activity. Allthough individuals will purchase protection to the extent that they judge such protection to be worthwhile, their calculation of benefits does not account for the benefits or costs that their own choices confer on other people. Influenza provides a good illustration of this point. There are several things people can do to protect themselves against influenza, none of which is perfectly effective but each of which offers some measure of protection. People can increase the frequency with which they wash their hands. They can reduce the amount of time they spend in crowded places. They can wear respirators in public. Most visible among these protective measures is inoculation. While inoculation is available for influenza, it may work well against some strains of the disease but not against others. Each of these measures involves costs and entails some perception about the degree of protection secured. In a market economy, inoculation must be paid for, and thus carries a price. In some instances, inoculation will also involve negative side effects, and may not provide total immunity. When people take these various considerations and perceptions into account, they will purchase some volume of inoculation, which in turn will generate some level of protection against influenza within the society. This account of individual choice and market outcomes does not account for the effect of one person’s choice on other people. A person who increases his level of protection, whether through inoculation or changes in conduct, reduces the chance that he will contract the disease and subsequently transmit it to others. Formally speaking, that person would seek protection against communicable disease to the point where the cost of that added protection is equal to the perceived benefit from that protection. Ideally, however, that
244 Fighting the Diseases of Poverty Table 1 WHO’s budget by line item, 2006–2007, $000s Area of Work Total Communicable disease prevention & control 152,983 Communicable disease research 108,457 Epidemic alert and response 131,119 Malaria 137,509 Tuberculosis 134,526 HIV/AIDS 260,650 Immunization and vaccine development 381,211 Noncommunicable disease surveillance 56,103 Health promotion 48,146 Mental health & substance abuse 29,764 Tobacco 29,193 Nutrition 24,098 Environment & health 90,412 Food safety 23,717 Violence, injuries, and disabilities 17,505 Reproductive health 65,867 Making pregnacy safer 64,017 Gender, women, and health 17,703 Child and adolescent health 100,500 Essential medicines 61,968 Essential health technologies 31,182 <strong>Policy</strong>-making for health in development 39,533 Health systems policies & service delivery 116,349 Human resources for health 77,631 Health financing & social protection 42,975 Health information & research policy 57,586 Emergency preparedness & response 105,400 WHO's core presence in countries 197,776 Knowledge management & information technology 138,180 Planning, resource coordination, & oversight 27,590 Human resources management 51,873 Budget and financial management 46,155 Infrastructure and logistics 133,682 Governing bodies 37,388 External relations 35,126 Direction 39,433 Miscellaneous 71,797 Total 3,185,104
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About International Policy Network
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The authors Johan Biermann is a pla
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Page 266 and 267: The value of vaccination 237 Table
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Page 304 and 305: Notes 275 2 Snow, B et al., “The
Page 306 and 307: Sources 277 Karoly, L., Greenwood,
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Page 310 and 311: Sources 281 University, March 13. A
Page 312 and 313: Sources 283 Alcazar, L and Andrade,
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Page 318 and 319: Sources 289 Shishkin, Sergey. 2003.
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Sources 293 Wofford, D., & Shanahan
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The Campaign for Fighting Diseases
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Dr. Henry I. Miller joined the Food
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