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24 Fighting the Diseases of Poverty
Figure 10 Human development index, US, 1850–2002
Value of index, max = 1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Life expectancy
Literacy
GDP/cap
HDI
0.0
1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
Source: see text
it’s subsidized by the governments, charities, or industry from the
richer nations.
For the United States, I have constructed an index similar to the
HDI. Instead of education per se, I use literacy data, which are more
readily available. 19 The minimum value for each of the three components
corresponds roughly to what it was around 1820, approximately
the start of industrialization. These are: 30 years for life
expectancy, 73.7 per cent for literacy, and $1,257 (in 1990 International
dollars) for GDP per capita (Costa & Stecker, 1997; Maddison,
2005a). For the maximum values, I assume 85 years, 100 per cent,
and $40,000, respectively, similar to what UNDP assumes in its
Human Development Reports (UNDP, 2000). My index assumes that
literacy stays at 99 per cent after 1970. This actually understates the
level of improvement since it does not account for long-term
increases in the educational level of the average American. Based on
these assumptions, Figure 10 shows trends in the composite HDI
and its individual components for the United States from