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Corruption in public health 77
Table 2 OLS results for under-5 mortality rate
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Log of GDP per capita,
PPP (const 2000 int’l $) -66.447 -55.263 -29.148 -24.932 -55.649
(7.853) ‡ (9.847) ‡ (8.403) ‡ (8.390) ‡ (9.856) ‡
Aggregate governance 18.747 16.828 -3.069 18.644
(9.167) † (9.426)* (7.588) (9.866)*
Government effectiveness -4.773
(8.576)
Average years of schooling
of adults, female -3.819 -3.893 -3.563
(2.483) (2.551) (2.504)
Primary completion rate,
female -1.261 -1.197
(0.194) ‡ (0.213)
Ethnolinguistic and
religious fractionalization 19.222 20.169 18.934
(8.220) † (5.525) (8.155)
Road density -0.054
(0.073)
Constant 639.747 521.888 408.635 342.705 526.372
(60.938) ‡ (85.021) ‡ (60.448) ‡ (62.343) ‡ (85.128) ‡
Observations 71 68 119 112 68
R-squared 0.748 0.764 0.745 0.769 0.766
Robust standard errors in parentheses
Sources: Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2005); Barro and Lee (2000); Alesina, et.
al. (2003); World Bank World Development Indicators 2005; World Bank EdStats.
*significant at 10%; † significant at 5%; ‡ significant at 1%
systems; staff absenteeism; under-the-table or informal payments
for health services; corrupt practices including misuse of public
funds, irregularities in contracting and purchasing supplies, petty
theft and the selling of positions and promotions. As symptoms of
poor performance, they provide an empirical base for exploring
priority areas for attention and intervention.