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Corruption in public health 101
Figure 6 Proportion of patients making informal payments
by type of service, selected countries
Albania (2001)
Armenia (2001)
Outpatient
Hospital
Bangladesh (2002)
Bulgaria (2001)
China (n.d.)
Ghana (2000)
Kazakhstan (1999)*
Kazakhstan (2001)
Kosovo (2000)
Poland (2002)
Romania (2000)
Russia (2002)
Slovakia (2000)
Tajikistan (1999)
Uganda (2003)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
*Date of survey.
Source: See Source Appendix I
per cent of patients paid informally (Chakraborty et al., 2002). Interestingly,
national surveys for Bolivia show that over 60 per cent of
those interviewed considered health to be corrupt.
A comparative study in five South Asian countries (Bangladesh,
India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) found that in all but Sri Lanka
most payments were ex ante demands from providers. Bribes are
required in all five countries for admission to the hospital, to
obtain a bed, and to receive subsidized medications (Thampi,