Bailey.Academic_Writing

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Answers 213 • University education may help students from poorer families to move into a higher social position. 2. Drawbacks of expansion • As student numbers rise, standards fall. Classrooms become more crowded, and overworked teachers are less able to give students personal attention. • Because increasing numbers of young people are gaining a first degree, their degrees are worth less. It is now necessary to have a second degree to compete in the labour market. • Recent research (Jackson et al.) shows that employers are looking for personal skills rather than educational qualifications. • The average student in Britain now leaves university with debts of £15,000. 3. Discussion Higher education does not benefit everyone. Advantages have to be balanced against time and money invested. 4. Conclusion Not clear that numbers in higher education can be expanded indefinitely. 1.12 Organising paragraphs 3 1. Topic 2. Definition 3. Example 4. Detail 5. Detail 6. Reason 4 Topic: London has been . . . Restatement: For many centuries . . . Reason: Its dominance is due . . . Example: The Romans were the first . . . Information: Over 500 years ago . . . 5 1. Topic 1: An English zoo . . . 2. Topic 2: But when the English . . . 3. Example: Even simple words . . . 4. Reason: The zoo realised that . . . 5. Information: Consequently, the keepers . . .
214 Answers Model answers for (6–9) 6 1. . . . was developed in the 19th century. 2. . . . to isolate, punish and reform. 3. . . . there has been a steep rise in the number of prisoners. 4. . . . as being ‘universities of crime’. 5. . . . how effective prisons are today. 7 1. Prisons appear to offer society three benefits. 2. Firstly, they punish prisoners by depriving them of freedom. 3. In addition, offenders are segregated from society so they cannot commit further crimes. 4. Finally, they offer the possibility of reform through training programmes. 8 1. Prisons, however, appear to many observers to be failing in the twenty-first century. 2. In most countries the prison population is rising steadily. 3. Furthermore, many prisoners return to prison after their release; they are repeat offenders. 4. This suggests that few prisons offer effective reform programmes. 5. In addition, prison conditions can often be brutal and degrading. 9 Prisons have existed in their present form for about 200 years and are clearly necessary to deter and punish criminals. However, they are often no longer successful in this aim, as shown by the steady increase in the prison population, and the rise of reoffending. It would appear that more emphasis should be placed on reform and education, as well as examining alternatives to prison, such as community work. 1.13 Organising the Main Body 1a For and against/type 1 1b Comparison 1c Development 2 Structure: For and against/type 1 1. many older students have lost interest in learning and disrupt classes 2. problem students waste everybody’s time, including their own 3. some students are more suited to work which doesn’t require qualifications 4. in future, almost all jobs will require academic skills 5. if they left at 14, students would be unlikely to find proper jobs 6. effort should be made in primary schools to prevent pupils falling behind
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Academic Writing A Handbook for Int
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First edition published in 2003 by
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vi Contents Part 3: ACCURACY IN WRI
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viii Introduction Although every ef
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1. The Writing Process Student Intr
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4 The Writing Process: Writing Foun
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10 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
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12 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
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14 The Writing Process: Reading and
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1.9 Summary Writing Making summarie
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1.10 Combining Sources Most essays
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40 The Writing Process: Writing Sta
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1.13 Organising the Main Body This
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1.14 Introductions An introduction
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1.15 Conclusions There is usually a
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1.16 Rewriting and Proof-reading Wh
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2.1 Argument cross-reference 1.12 O
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2.1 Argument 69 5. Think of a simil
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2.2 Cause and Effect 71 It rained h
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2.3 Cohesion cross-reference 3.7 Co
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2.4 Comparison cross-reference 2.9
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2.4 Comparison 77 cross-reference 4
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2.5 Definitions cross-reference 1.1
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2.5 Definitions 81 Higher education
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2.6 Discussion 83 a) Instead of goi
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2.6 Discussion 85 7. Complete the f
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2.7 Examples 87 a) A number of spor
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2.8 Generalisations 1. In written w
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2.8 Generalisations 91 5. Study the
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2.9 Numbers 93 Dozens of villages w
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2.9 Numbers 95 c) More than 80% of
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2.10 Opening Pargaraphs 97 3. It is
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2.11 References and Quotations cros
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2.11 References and Quotations 101
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2.12 Restatement and Repetition 1.
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2.13 Style 1. Study the style of th
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2.13 Style 107 l) Avoid using two-w
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2.14 Synonyms cross-reference 1.8 P
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2.14 Synonyms 111 5. Identify the s
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2.15 Variation in Sentence Length 1
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2.16 Visual Information 115 2. The
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2.16 Visual Information 117 5. Comp
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3. Accuracy in Writing Student Intr
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122 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
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3.2 Academic Vocabulary cross-refer
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126 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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128 Accuracy in Writing 4. Insert a
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3.4 Articles cross-reference 3.10 N
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132 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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134 Accuracy in Writing 3. Rewrite
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3.6 Confusing Pairs 1. Study the fo
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3.7 Conjunctions cross-reference 1.
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140 Accuracy in Writing b) The long
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3.8 Nationality Language 1. Most na
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3.9 Nouns and Adjectives cross-refe
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146 Accuracy in Writing b) 365.25 d
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148 Accuracy in Writing NEGATIVES N
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3.11 Nouns - Umbrella cross-referen
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3.12 Prefixes and Suffixes 1. Autom
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154 Accuracy in Writing 7. Meaning
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156 Accuracy in Writing g) . . . mo
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3.14 Punctuation 1. Capitals It is
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160 Accuracy in Writing c) how many
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Page 177 and 178: 3.17 Time Words and Phrases cross-r
Page 179 and 180: 168 Accuracy in Writing 6. Study th
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Page 183 and 184: 3.19 Verbs - Modal cross-reference
Page 185 and 186: 174 Accuracy in Writing The poorest
Page 187 and 188: 176 Accuracy in Writing g) They cal
Page 189 and 190: 3.21 Verbs and Prepositions cross-r
Page 191 and 192: 3.22 Verbs of Reference cross-refer
Page 193 and 194: 3.23 Verbs - Tenses 1. Decide which
Page 195 and 196: 184 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
Page 198 and 199: 4.1 Formal Letters cross-reference
Page 200 and 201: 4.2 CVs 1. CV stands for curriculum
Page 202 and 203: 4.3 Reporting and Designing Surveys
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Page 206 and 207: 4.4 Taking Ideas from Sources 195 c
Page 208 and 209: 4.5 Comparison Essay cross-referenc
Page 210 and 211: 4.6 Discussion Essay cross-referenc
Page 212 and 213: Writing Tests These tests can be us
Page 214 and 215: Writing Tests 203 are only two d) .
Page 216 and 217: Answers 205 1.2 Avoiding Plagiarism
Page 218 and 219: Answers 207 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 5a 5b
Page 220 and 221: Answers 209 5 Source: Nemecova, I.
Page 222 and 223: Answers 211 7 Model answer Indian s
Page 226 and 227: Answers 215 3 1. Literature review
Page 228 and 229: Answers 217 Limitations: Although t
Page 230 and 231: Answers 219 4c 4d 4e 4f consequentl
Page 232 and 233: Answers 221 9d 9e 9f 9g On than the
Page 234 and 235: Answers 223 2.7 Examples 2a e.g./su
Page 236 and 237: Answers 225 5b The numbers doubled
Page 238 and 239: Answers 227 6 Currently, fast food
Page 240 and 241: Answers 229 5 Developing countries
Page 242 and 243: Answers 231 2i correlation 2j analy
Page 244 and 245: Answers 233 5t the 5u the 5v the 5w
Page 246 and 247: Answers 235 Addition: moreover/as w
Page 248 and 249: Answers 237 strength/confidence/tru
Page 250 and 251: Answers 239 6e little 3.11 Nouns -
Page 252 and 253: Answers 241 Adj .+ = valuable for P
Page 254 and 255: Answers 243 1b who 1c which/that 1d
Page 256 and 257: Answers 245 4e 4f 4g 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e
Page 258 and 259: Answers 247 3h predict 3.19 Verbs -
Page 260 and 261: Answers 249 2d 2e 2f 2g 2h 4a 4b 4c
Page 262 and 263: Answers 251 4e 4f 4g 4h 6a 6b 6c 6d
Page 264 and 265: Answers 253 3 Model answer The Mana
Page 266 and 267: Answers 255 d There may be many peo
Page 268 and 269: Answers 257 4) we have no way of kn
Page 270 and 271: Sources Quotations from the followi
Page 272: eBooks - at www.eBookstore.tandf.co
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