Bailey.Academic_Writing

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Introduction Academic Writing is for international students studying in colleges and universities where courses are taught in English. Those students who are not native speakers of English often find the written demands of their courses very challenging. In addition to learning academic English they need to adopt new conventions of style, referencing and layout. Students usually have to complete a variety of writing tasks during their studies, ranging from short IELTS essays to lengthy dissertations. This writing may be done either under exam pressure or as coursework. In addition, the type of writing they are asked to do depends on the subject they are studying: future lawyers will be given quite different tasks from potential pharmacists. Academic Writing recognises this variety of needs. It is a flexible course that allows students of all subjects and levels, from foundation to PhD, to practise those aspects of writing which are most important for their studies. The book is organised to provide maximum hands-on practice for students. They can work either with a teacher or by themselves, since the structure of the book has been made as simple as possible to allow them to find what they want quickly. Academic Writing is divided into four parts. In Parts 1 and 2 the focus is on key writing skills, while Parts 3 and 4 offer revision and reference. Parts 2 and 3 are organised alphabetically for easy access. Part 1: The Writing Process guides students from the initial stage of understanding the essay title, through notemaking and paraphrasing, to the organisation of the essay and finally proof-reading. Part 2: Elements of Writing deals with the skills that are needed for most types of assignment, such as making comparisons, giving examples and describing graphs. Part 3: Accuracy in Writing gives remedial practice in those areas that students often find confusing, such as using articles, passives or prepositions. Part 4: Writing Models offers examples of the types of writing that students commonly need, including letters and survey reports as well as essays. There is also a Writing Tests section for checking progress. The four parts are divided into sixty-one short units which teach practical writing skills and revise common difficulties. Each unit contains exercises, and a comprehensive answer key is given at the end. A system of cross-referencing helps students link related units together.
viii Introduction Although every effort has been made to make Academic Writing as clear and accurate as possible, I would welcome comment or criticism from either teachers or students. Stephen Bailey academicwriting@beeb.net Instructions to students are printed like this: Complete sentences with suitable words from the box below. Cross-references in margins look like this: cross-reference 2.11 References and Quotations This means: refer to the unit on references and quotations in Part 2 (Unit 11)
Page 2: Academic Writing A Handbook for Int
Page 5 and 6: First edition published in 2003 by
Page 7: vi Contents Part 3: ACCURACY IN WRI
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Page 15 and 16: 4 The Writing Process: Writing Foun
Page 21 and 22: 10 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
Page 23 and 24: 12 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
Page 25 and 26: 14 The Writing Process: Reading and
Page 43 and 44: 1.9 Summary Writing Making summarie
Page 47 and 48: 1.10 Combining Sources Most essays
Page 51 and 52: 40 The Writing Process: Writing Sta
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1.13 Organising the Main Body This
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50 The Writing Process: Writing Sta
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1.14 Introductions An introduction
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1.15 Conclusions There is usually a
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1.16 Rewriting and Proof-reading Wh
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2.1 Argument cross-reference 1.12 O
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2.1 Argument 69 5. Think of a simil
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2.2 Cause and Effect 71 It rained h
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2.3 Cohesion cross-reference 3.7 Co
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2.4 Comparison cross-reference 2.9
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2.4 Comparison 77 cross-reference 4
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2.5 Definitions cross-reference 1.1
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2.5 Definitions 81 Higher education
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2.6 Discussion 83 a) Instead of goi
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2.6 Discussion 85 7. Complete the f
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2.7 Examples 87 a) A number of spor
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2.8 Generalisations 1. In written w
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2.8 Generalisations 91 5. Study the
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2.9 Numbers 93 Dozens of villages w
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2.9 Numbers 95 c) More than 80% of
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2.10 Opening Pargaraphs 97 3. It is
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2.11 References and Quotations cros
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2.11 References and Quotations 101
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2.12 Restatement and Repetition 1.
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2.13 Style 1. Study the style of th
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2.13 Style 107 l) Avoid using two-w
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2.14 Synonyms cross-reference 1.8 P
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2.14 Synonyms 111 5. Identify the s
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2.15 Variation in Sentence Length 1
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2.16 Visual Information 115 2. The
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2.16 Visual Information 117 5. Comp
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3. Accuracy in Writing Student Intr
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122 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
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3.2 Academic Vocabulary cross-refer
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126 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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128 Accuracy in Writing 4. Insert a
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3.4 Articles cross-reference 3.10 N
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132 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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134 Accuracy in Writing 3. Rewrite
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3.6 Confusing Pairs 1. Study the fo
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3.7 Conjunctions cross-reference 1.
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140 Accuracy in Writing b) The long
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3.8 Nationality Language 1. Most na
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3.9 Nouns and Adjectives cross-refe
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146 Accuracy in Writing b) 365.25 d
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148 Accuracy in Writing NEGATIVES N
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3.11 Nouns - Umbrella cross-referen
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3.12 Prefixes and Suffixes 1. Autom
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154 Accuracy in Writing 7. Meaning
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156 Accuracy in Writing g) . . . mo
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3.14 Punctuation 1. Capitals It is
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160 Accuracy in Writing c) how many
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162 Accuracy in Writing 4. Decide i
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3.16 Singular or Plural? cross-refe
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3.17 Time Words and Phrases cross-r
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168 Accuracy in Writing 6. Study th
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170 Accuracy in Writing to overcome
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3.19 Verbs - Modal cross-reference
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174 Accuracy in Writing The poorest
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176 Accuracy in Writing g) They cal
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3.21 Verbs and Prepositions cross-r
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3.22 Verbs of Reference cross-refer
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3.23 Verbs - Tenses 1. Decide which
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184 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
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4.1 Formal Letters cross-reference
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4.2 CVs 1. CV stands for curriculum
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4.3 Reporting and Designing Surveys
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4.3 Reporting and Designing Surveys
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4.4 Taking Ideas from Sources 195 c
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4.5 Comparison Essay cross-referenc
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4.6 Discussion Essay cross-referenc
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Writing Tests These tests can be us
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Writing Tests 203 are only two d) .
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Answers 205 1.2 Avoiding Plagiarism
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Answers 207 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 5a 5b
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Answers 209 5 Source: Nemecova, I.
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Answers 211 7 Model answer Indian s
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Answers 213 • University educatio
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Answers 215 3 1. Literature review
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Answers 217 Limitations: Although t
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Answers 219 4c 4d 4e 4f consequentl
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Answers 221 9d 9e 9f 9g On than the
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Answers 223 2.7 Examples 2a e.g./su
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Answers 225 5b The numbers doubled
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Answers 227 6 Currently, fast food
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Answers 229 5 Developing countries
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Answers 231 2i correlation 2j analy
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Answers 233 5t the 5u the 5v the 5w
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Answers 235 Addition: moreover/as w
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Answers 237 strength/confidence/tru
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Answers 239 6e little 3.11 Nouns -
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Answers 241 Adj .+ = valuable for P
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Answers 243 1b who 1c which/that 1d
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Answers 245 4e 4f 4g 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e
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Answers 247 3h predict 3.19 Verbs -
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Answers 249 2d 2e 2f 2g 2h 4a 4b 4c
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Answers 251 4e 4f 4g 4h 6a 6b 6c 6d
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Answers 253 3 Model answer The Mana
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Answers 255 d There may be many peo
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Answers 257 4) we have no way of kn
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Sources Quotations from the followi
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