Bailey.Academic_Writing

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1.14 Introductions 55 (As this is a short essay, it is not necessary to mention sources in the introduction.) 5. Write the introduction (about 100 words) in the space below, using your answers from (4) and the notes provided below. Definition: Background: Relevance: Higher education (HE) = university education Increasing demand for HE worldwide puts pressure on national budgets > many states seek to shift costs to students In most countries degree = key to better jobs and opportunities Discussion points: If students have to pay more of cost, discriminates against poorer families Is it fair for all taxpayers to support students? How to keep HE open to able students from all backgrounds? 6. Write an introduction to an essay on one of the following titles, or choose a subject from your own discipline. a) Compare the urbanisation process in the First and the Third Worlds. b) Assess the importance of public transport in the modern city. c) ‘Lawyers are inflating the cost of medicine’ – discuss. d) To what extent is a democratic system necessary for economic development?
1.15 Conclusions There is usually a link between the starting point, i.e. the title, and the conclusion. If the title is asking a question the answer should be contained in the conclusion. The reader may look at the conclusion first to get a summary of the main arguments or points. 1. Not every academic essay has a conclusion. In some cases it may be linked to the discussion section, or it may be called ‘concluding remarks’, or ‘summary’. However, in most cases it is helpful for the reader to have a section which (quite briefly) looks back at what has been said and makes some comments about the main part. Read the following extracts from conclusions and match them with the list of functions in the box. i) comparisons with other studies ii) summary of main body iii) limitations of research iv) suggestions for further research v) practical implications and proposals a) In this review, attempts have been made to summarise and assess the current research trends of transgenic rice dealing exclusively with agronomically important genes. b) As always, this investigation has a number of limitations to be considered in evaluating its findings. c) Obviously, business expatriates could benefit from being informed that problem focused coping strategies are more effective than symptom focused ones. d) Another line of research worth pursuing further is to study the importance of language for expatriate assignments. e) Our review of thirteen studies of strikes in public transport demonstrates that the effect of a strike on public transport ridership varies and may either be temporary or permanent . . . f) These results of the Colombia study reported here are consistent with other similar studies conducted in other countries (Baron and Norman, 1992). g) To be more precise, there was a positive relation between tolerant and patient problem solving and all four measures of adjustment: general, interaction, work and subjective well-being.
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Academic Writing A Handbook for Int
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First edition published in 2003 by
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vi Contents Part 3: ACCURACY IN WRI
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viii Introduction Although every ef
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1. The Writing Process Student Intr
Page 15 and 16: 4 The Writing Process: Writing Foun
Page 21 and 22: 10 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
Page 23 and 24: 12 The Writing Process: Writing Fou
Page 25 and 26: 14 The Writing Process: Reading and
Page 43 and 44: 1.9 Summary Writing Making summarie
Page 47 and 48: 1.10 Combining Sources Most essays
Page 51 and 52: 40 The Writing Process: Writing Sta
Page 59 and 60: 1.13 Organising the Main Body This
Page 63 and 64: 1.14 Introductions An introduction
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Page 71 and 72: 1.16 Rewriting and Proof-reading Wh
Page 78 and 79: 2.1 Argument cross-reference 1.12 O
Page 80 and 81: 2.1 Argument 69 5. Think of a simil
Page 82 and 83: 2.2 Cause and Effect 71 It rained h
Page 84 and 85: 2.3 Cohesion cross-reference 3.7 Co
Page 86 and 87: 2.4 Comparison cross-reference 2.9
Page 88 and 89: 2.4 Comparison 77 cross-reference 4
Page 90 and 91: 2.5 Definitions cross-reference 1.1
Page 92 and 93: 2.5 Definitions 81 Higher education
Page 94 and 95: 2.6 Discussion 83 a) Instead of goi
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Page 98 and 99: 2.7 Examples 87 a) A number of spor
Page 100 and 101: 2.8 Generalisations 1. In written w
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Page 104 and 105: 2.9 Numbers 93 Dozens of villages w
Page 106 and 107: 2.9 Numbers 95 c) More than 80% of
Page 108 and 109: 2.10 Opening Pargaraphs 97 3. It is
Page 110 and 111: 2.11 References and Quotations cros
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Page 114 and 115: 2.12 Restatement and Repetition 1.
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2.13 Style 1. Study the style of th
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2.13 Style 107 l) Avoid using two-w
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2.14 Synonyms cross-reference 1.8 P
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2.14 Synonyms 111 5. Identify the s
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2.15 Variation in Sentence Length 1
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2.16 Visual Information 115 2. The
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2.16 Visual Information 117 5. Comp
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3. Accuracy in Writing Student Intr
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122 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
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3.2 Academic Vocabulary cross-refer
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126 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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128 Accuracy in Writing 4. Insert a
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3.4 Articles cross-reference 3.10 N
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132 Accuracy in Writing 5. Complete
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134 Accuracy in Writing 3. Rewrite
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3.6 Confusing Pairs 1. Study the fo
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3.7 Conjunctions cross-reference 1.
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140 Accuracy in Writing b) The long
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3.8 Nationality Language 1. Most na
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3.9 Nouns and Adjectives cross-refe
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146 Accuracy in Writing b) 365.25 d
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148 Accuracy in Writing NEGATIVES N
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3.11 Nouns - Umbrella cross-referen
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3.12 Prefixes and Suffixes 1. Autom
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154 Accuracy in Writing 7. Meaning
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156 Accuracy in Writing g) . . . mo
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3.14 Punctuation 1. Capitals It is
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160 Accuracy in Writing c) how many
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162 Accuracy in Writing 4. Decide i
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3.16 Singular or Plural? cross-refe
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3.17 Time Words and Phrases cross-r
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168 Accuracy in Writing 6. Study th
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170 Accuracy in Writing to overcome
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3.19 Verbs - Modal cross-reference
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174 Accuracy in Writing The poorest
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176 Accuracy in Writing g) They cal
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3.21 Verbs and Prepositions cross-r
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3.22 Verbs of Reference cross-refer
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3.23 Verbs - Tenses 1. Decide which
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184 Accuracy in Writing cross-refer
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4.1 Formal Letters cross-reference
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4.2 CVs 1. CV stands for curriculum
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4.3 Reporting and Designing Surveys
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4.3 Reporting and Designing Surveys
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4.4 Taking Ideas from Sources 195 c
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4.5 Comparison Essay cross-referenc
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4.6 Discussion Essay cross-referenc
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Writing Tests These tests can be us
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Writing Tests 203 are only two d) .
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Answers 205 1.2 Avoiding Plagiarism
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Answers 207 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 5a 5b
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Answers 209 5 Source: Nemecova, I.
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Answers 211 7 Model answer Indian s
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Answers 213 • University educatio
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Answers 215 3 1. Literature review
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Answers 217 Limitations: Although t
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Answers 219 4c 4d 4e 4f consequentl
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Answers 221 9d 9e 9f 9g On than the
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Answers 223 2.7 Examples 2a e.g./su
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Answers 225 5b The numbers doubled
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Answers 227 6 Currently, fast food
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Answers 229 5 Developing countries
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Answers 231 2i correlation 2j analy
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Answers 233 5t the 5u the 5v the 5w
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Answers 235 Addition: moreover/as w
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Answers 237 strength/confidence/tru
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Answers 239 6e little 3.11 Nouns -
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Answers 241 Adj .+ = valuable for P
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Answers 243 1b who 1c which/that 1d
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Answers 245 4e 4f 4g 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e
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Answers 247 3h predict 3.19 Verbs -
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Answers 249 2d 2e 2f 2g 2h 4a 4b 4c
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Answers 251 4e 4f 4g 4h 6a 6b 6c 6d
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Answers 253 3 Model answer The Mana
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Answers 255 d There may be many peo
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Answers 257 4) we have no way of kn
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Sources Quotations from the followi
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