Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs - Wayeb

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Kettunen & Helmke 2011 Appendices APPENDIX H: ARTICULATION ORGANS AND PLACES 63 Figure 29: Articulation places articulation organs: Latin terminology: articulation places: 1 lips labium, pl. labia bilabial 2 lower lip & upper teeth labiodental 3 teeth dens, pl. dentes interdental 4 back side of teeth postdental (dental) 5 alveolar ridge alveolus, pl. alveoli alveolar 6 hard palate palatum durum palatal 7 soft palate velum velar 8 uvula uvula uvular 9 pharynx pharynx pharyngal 10 larynx larynx laryngal 11 tip of the tongue apex apical 12 blade of the tongue lamina/ corona laminal/ coronal 13 dorsum of the tongue dorsum dorsal 14 root of the tongue radix radical 15 underblade subdorsum subdorsal 16 epiglottis epiglottis epiglottal Table XVII: Articulation organs and places 63 Based partly on Iivonen, Horppila, Heikkonen, and Rissanen 2000 with modifications. 62/154
Kettunen & Helmke 2011 Appendices APPENDIX I: SYNHARMONIC VS. DISHARMONIC SPELLING, UNDERSPELLED SOUNDS, AND RECONSTRUCTED GLOTTAL FRICATIVES IN MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING The following is primarily based on the foundation work done by Houston, Robertson, and Stuart (1998, 2000), Lacadena and Wichmann (2004), and Lacadena and Zender (2001). All possible misinterpretations are ours, not theirs. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS: C V ABS ERG consonant vowel absolutive ergative Since the pivotal study of phoneticism in Maya hieroglyphic writing by Knorozov (1952) until the latter part of 1990’s, the existence of disharmony (disharmonic spelling arrangements) in the Maya script was noticed but left more or less as an open question. In 1980’s, the issue was taken under scrutiny by linguists, and some promising results were achieved. However, no overall satisfying pattern was found to explain all the arrangements until late 1990’s and during the past few years. In 1998 Houston, Robertson and Stuart proposed that the disharmonic spellings in the Maya script indicate the presence of preconsonantal glottal fricatives (/h/) as well as complex vowels including: long vowels (VV), glottal stops (’), glottalized vowels (V’) and rearticulated glottalized vowels (V’V). In their original proposal, Houston, Stuart, and Robertson (1998) suggested that there is no distinction made between vowel length, glottalization, and preconsonantal /h/ by means of disharmonic spellings, and that the existence of these three phonemic features are to be reconstructed historically: CV1C / CV1-CV1 > CV1C / CV1-CV2 > CV1C CVVC CV’C CVhC + historical reconstruction A later modification by Lacadena and Wichmann (2004) pointed toward an interpretation that complex vowels (complex syllable nuclei) “were distinguished from short vowels in the script [… and] that vowel length and glottal stops were clearly distinguished from one another in the orthography”. Lacadena and Wichmann (2004: 103) also proposed that “neither disharmonic nor harmonic spellings indicate a preconsonantal /h/”. While the preconsonantal /h/ existed in Classic Maya (e.g. as a necessary and integral part of passive verbal constructions, see below), in the process of decipherment it must be reconstructed on the basis of historical linguistics. The rules governing harmonic and disharmonic spelling arrangements as modified by Lacadena and Wichmann (2004) are as follows: CV1C / CV1-CV1 > CV1C CV1C / CV1-CV2 > CVVC (V1 = a, e, o, u; V2 = i) CV1C / CV1-CV2 > CVVC (V1 = i; V2 = a) CV1C / CV1-CV2 > CV’(V)C (V1 = e, o, u; V2 = a) CV1C / CV1-CV2 > CV’(V)C (V1 = a, i; V2 = u) 63/154
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