Watershed Conservation Plan - Destination Erie

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Figure 5.27. Estimated water use from water suppliers using >10,000 gallons per day in the Erie County portion of the study area, 1995 (data from Buckwalter et al. 1996). It is impossible to predict with certainty how climate change may affect water supply and us patterns in the future. Buckwalter et al. (1996) report that population declines in the City of Erie from 1980 to 1990 were accompanied by increasing population in outlying townships, resulting in increased demand for groundwater for private residential and public-supply use. This situation prompted the expansion of water supply infrastructure since 1993 (described above), which resulted in increased use of surface water from Lake Erie (purchased from the Erie City Water Authority). It is likely that ongoing climate change will exacerbate this situation. Forecasts regarding hydrological phenomena expected to accompany climate change in the next 50–100 years predict that groundwater supplies will decrease due to reduced summer precipitation, increased evaporation, and reduced groundwater recharge rates (Kling and Wuebbles 2003). This, in turn, will result in "pressure to increase water extraction from the Great Lakes" and result in increased problems with water pollution (Kling and Wuebbles 2003). The high costs of connecting to public water systems would likely lead many rural property owners to prefer to continue using their own private wells. Considering the current importance of groundwater for domestic and agricultural users, a forecast of reduced groundwater availability in the future suggests a need for regional planning to educate the public about likely future changes in water availability, and to develop strategies for implementing a water conservation and use plan that will address the future needs of rural domestic and agricultural water consumers. The agricultural community, in particular, may need to develop marketing plans for new, less water dependent commodities, or phase into production modified methods that use less (or recycle more) water. It is especially important that steps be taken to safeguard the groundwater supplies that are critical to the prosperity of communities in the Girard area and further west. In particular, the area along both sides of Route 20 west of Fairview is apparently a major groundwater recharge area for large capacity wells that supply Girard and Lake City Boroughs, in addition to many private wells on farm and residential properties within the lake plain (see 5.9 Groundwater and Figure 5.12). This area is vulnerable to commercial and residential development that could compromise the quality and quantity of groundwater resources and compound the threat to groundwater supplies posed by impending climate change. 96
The recent investigation completed by PADEP (2007b) into water-quality problems in the Walnut Creek watershed illustrate in exemplary fashion how urban development can contribute to deterioration of stream water quality and compromise groundwater supplies. The investigation of Walnut Creek suggests that protecting groundwater supplies should be given a high priority, but notes that "no documented source water protection strategies are in place" PADEP (2007b). It is recommended that source-water protection initiatives be immediately developed in the study area for locations where groundwater use (and associated recharge) occurs. Guidance and tools to assist communities in advancing source water protection planning are available from PADEP (2007d) and USEPA (2007). Figure 5.28. Locations within the study area of facilities that withdraw withdraw ground or surface water for agricultural, commercial, industrial, or mineral use (from PADEP 2008). 97
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Pennsylvania Rivers Conservation Pr
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land to development. Strong communi
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Human resources available to facili
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other communities, organizations, a
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .
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8.3 Sustainable Development and Gov
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Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
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Figure 10.3. Management Areas propo
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PLAN AUTHORSHIP
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working with interested teacher and
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Figure 1.3. Perceived importance of
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1.3 Watershed Plan Focus The primar
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Figure 2.2. Detail of the south-cen
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Figure 2.4. Physiographic provinces
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westward. Although the paucity of f
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via the Erigan River, a major river
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Warren and Whittlesey can be found
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evised paleoenvironmental picture,
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characteristic ground stone tools,
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phase represent the most common Lat
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including flexed and extended inhum
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with the appearance of European tra
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The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania wa
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of $800 for the purchase of The Tri
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In addition to these townships, the
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Pittsburgh Railroad had reached New
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Figure 3.3. Density of registered a
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the Whittlesey and Warren III stran
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Table 3.3. Properties in the Study
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Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 67 and 68: "Little Ice Age"), and the validity
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Page 71 and 72: eport (Col. John Fleeharty) lamente
Page 73 and 74: flowing streams. The starting point
Page 75 and 76: elow the park." Apparently the pump
Page 77 and 78: A submerged arching sand feature is
Page 79 and 80: of the lake plain and upland areas
Page 81 and 82: characteristics, and are important
Page 83 and 84: Lake section (see Figure 2.4). Nota
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.2. Flow time series for Tw
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.4. Flow time series for Co
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.8. Flow per square mile pe
Page 91 and 92: area that have thicker glacial depo
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.4. Protected Water Uses for
Page 95 and 96: Stream Zone County 3—East Branch
Page 97 and 98: 5.10.2 Permitted Discharges The two
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.15. Graphical analyses of
Page 103 and 104: Figure 5.17. Average summer nitrate
Page 105 and 106: Figure 5.19. Mercury concentrations
Page 107 and 108: Figure 5.20. Map showing locations
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5.22. Number of stream miles
Page 111 and 112: 91 Figure 5.24. Results of Campbell
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.6. Range in Number of E. co
Page 115: Figure 5.26. Maximum E. coli counts
Page 119 and 120: Figure 5.30. Sources of known nondo
Page 121 and 122: 6 NATURAL RESOURCES 6.1 Animal Life
Page 123 and 124: Rank Status Taxon Common Name Globa
Page 125 and 126: Table 6.2. Pennsylvania Vertebrate
Page 127 and 128: Table 6.3. Noted Occurrence of Spaw
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.4. Water quality designati
Page 131 and 132: Figure 6.6. Fishing hours spent on
Page 133 and 134: Figure 6.7. Comparative analysis of
Page 135 and 136: Figure 6.9. Percentage breakdown of
Page 137 and 138: A small number of the birds listed
Page 139 and 140: phytoplankton by Dreissena allows l
Page 141 and 142: populations increase. Corbicula flu
Page 143 and 144: Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
Page 145 and 146: Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
Page 147 and 148: Two other forest wetland plant comm
Page 149 and 150: 6.2.4 Emergent Wetlands Over half o
Page 151 and 152: alleghaniensis), sugar maple, red m
Page 153 and 154: Table 6.6.Percentage Composition of
Page 155 and 156: Figure 6.18. Detail of the largest
Page 157 and 158: Figure 7.1. Responses made by study
Page 159 and 160: Figure 7.3. Spatial distribution of
Page 161 and 162: Presque Isle State Park is connecte
Page 163 and 164: Table 7.2. Number of Recreational O
Page 165 and 166: lakefront recreational properties,
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Map Id Subwatershed Comment 51 41.5
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Bayfront Center for Maritime Studie
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Other watershed associations or wat
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Figure 8.1. Child poverty rates in
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comprehensive vision or plan, have
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and municipalities should be encour
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5. In order to sustain maximum biod
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10 PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR AC
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easements for riparian areas, and p
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Table 10.2 Management Areas Defined
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Figure 10.2. Example of how GIS can
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Figure 10.4. Example of how GIS can
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Watershed Portion MAs Main Subwater
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Restoration actions Management Area
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11 REFERENCES CITED Abrams, M. D. 2
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Broyles, B. J. 1971 Second Prelimin
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Cooper, N. L., J. R. Bidwell, and D
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Dzurko, Robert 1972 Conneaut Creek
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Goodyear, A. C. 1999 The Early Holo
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Jasim, S. Y., A. Irabelli, L. Schwe
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Leighton, R. 2006 Pennsylvania Fish
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Michaels, A. 2005 Pennsylvania Has
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2007d Waterways, Wetlands, and Eros
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Richardson, J. B., and J. B. Peters
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Soon, W. and S. Baliunas 2003 Proxy
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Tomikel and Shepps 1967 Trasande, L
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Whitley, D. S., and R. I. Dorn 1993
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Preparing For Watershed Conservatio
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Introduction (cont’d) In March of
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Executive Summary Overall, responde
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Executive Summary (cont’d) Cont
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Summary Of Key Groups (cont’d) Ur
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Please Indicate Whether You Agree,
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In Your Opinion, Is The Need For Im
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If You Had To Choose Between Proper
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Favorite Locations For Recreation I
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Favorite Motor Boating Locations To
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Favorite Hiking Locations Location
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Favorite Swimming Locations Total R
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Knowledge Of Historic And Prehistor
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Support For Stream Protection Measu
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LERC Rivers Conservation Plan Publi
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• Mason: As far as education, get
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• Kloss: Educate people about Act
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Great Lakes Commission http://www.g
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Center for Economic and Environment
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The Erie County portion of the Penn
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Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
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Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
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Watershed Conservation Plan - Destination Erie

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