Watershed Conservation Plan - Destination Erie

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The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was eager to settle the newly acquired lands, and a series of treaties culminating in the treaty at Fort Harmar in 1789 appeared to secure, on paper at least, the lands west of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers. The Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and Wyandot of the Ohio area, however, vigorously resisted this encroachment and sought the help of the Iroquois (Wallace 1993a:166). In 1791, Colonel Thomas Proctor was commissioned to join the Seneca chief Cornplanter in a peace mission to persuade the Seneca not to assist the western tribes in further hostilities. Although the settlement act of 1792 authorized the sale of all lands west of the Allegheny River and Conewango Creek, survey of these lands was postponed until General Anthony Wayne's success at Fallen Timbers on 20 August 1794 and the cessation of hostilities was established by the subsequent Treaty of Greenville in August 1795 (Nelson 1987 [1896]:105; Wallace 1993a:166). In 1795, General Irvine and Andrew Ellicot were commissioned to survey and lay out the towns of Erie, Waterford, Franklin, and Warren. Pennsylvania
trail that corresponds to present-day U.S. Route 20. Reportedly, a graveyard on the Ebersole farm (Harborcreek Township, Tract 181) was uncovered, exposing numerous bodies that were in a "sitting [i.e., flexed] position" and various artifacts such as beads (Nelson 1987:96). 3.2.2 Brief History of Erie County Erie County, Pennsylvania, was created by an act of the legislature dated 12 March 1800 (Warner et al. 1884:138). This same act also created Butler, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties. As the northwestern portion of the state was at that time poorly populated, a single governing body was established at Meadville, Crawford County. Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, and Warren Counties were all governed from this seat until 1803, when the first county officers were elected in Erie County. Prior to the act of 1800, the land contained within Erie County was defined in turn as part of Lancaster, Cumberland, Bedford, Westmoreland, and Allegheny Counties. In 1798, while still a part of Allegheny County, Erie Township was erected and its boundaries established in the same configuration as the present county borders. Erie County is the northwesternmost county in Pennsylvania and provides the state with its only Great Lakes port. Erie County is bounded on the north by Lake Erie; on the east by Chautauqua County, New York, and Warren County, Pennsylvania; on the south by Crawford County; and on the west by Ashtabula County, Ohio. The length of the county along the lake is ca. 72 km (45 mi); along Chautauqua and Warren counties its length is ca. 57.6 km (36 mi); along Crawford County its length is ca. 72.4 km (45 mi); and along Ashtabula County its length is ca. 14.4 km (9 mi). The land encompassed by these borders is 192,839 ha (476,515 acres). The county was named after Lake Erie, which was in turn named for the Erie Indians who are presumed to have previously inhabited the region. The county seat is located at Erie, Pennsylvania. The northwestern third of the state, including the land within Erie County south of 42ºN latitude (the Pennsylvania-New York border), was purchased from the Six Nations (Iroquois) in 1784 in an agreement known as the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix. The land north of this latitude and extending to the lake, identified as "The Triangle," was not easily incorporated as part of Pennsylvania. No fewer than five states laid claim to this region: Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia (Warner et al. 1884:194–199). King James I granted to the Plymouth Company "all the land lying in the same latitude with Connecticut and Massachusetts, as far west as the Pacific Ocean" (Warner et al. 1884:194–195), thereby granting Connecticut's claim to the northern third of Pennsylvania. A congressional investigation of 1782 determined, however, that Connecticut had no right to The Triangle. Virginia claimed the entire territory west of a line drawn east of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. In 1786, it was agreed that the western boundary of Pennsylvania would extend northward from a point on the Mason-Dixon line 5º west of the Delaware River. New York's charter defined its western boundary as a longitudinal line drawn from the western end of Lake Ontario, but it was unclear whether the western end of the lake was to include Burlington Bay. Surveyors determined that the lake's western end was to be defined as the peninsula separating the bay from the lake proper. Thus, the western boundary of New York was set at ca. 32.2 km (20 mi) east of Presque Isle. Additionally, and by mutual agreement, the east-west boundary between New York and Pennsylvania was formally set at 42ºN latitude in 1785. Thus at that time, this border, which excluded The Triangle, was accepted as the northern boundary of Pennsylvania. This configuration corresponds to the borders set by the Royal Charter of 1681 in which King Charles II granted William Penn claim to the lands between 39ºN latitude and 42ºN latitude and from the Delaware River westward for 5º. General William Irvine was sent by Pennsylvanian authorities to examine the lands to the northwest and reported that it would be desirable to secure the harbor at Presque Isle since the commonwealth had no harbor on Lake Erie (Warner et al. 1884:196). After much negotiation, New York (1781), Massachusetts (1785), and Connecticut (date unknown) relinquished their claims on The Triangle to the United States Federal Government, which in turn conveyed it to Pennsylvania in 1788. In 1792, Pennsylvania purchased The Triangle from the United States for $151,640.25 in certificates of debt plus interest. The Iroquois, however, still claimed title to the land. While still negotiating with the federal government, Pennsylvania proceeded to obtain a release of The Triangle from the Iroquois (Warner et al. 1884:196–199). This was accomplished in 1789 in exchange for $2,000 from Pennsylvania and an additional $1,200 from the U.S. government. However, the Seneca nation was dissatisfied with the cession of The Triangle, which they used as a hunting ground, claiming that they were not fairly represented. Thus, in 1792, the Pennsylvania legislature passed an act authorizing the dispersal 29
Page 1: Pennsylvania Rivers Conservation Pr
Page 4 and 5: land to development. Strong communi
Page 6 and 7: Human resources available to facili
Page 8 and 9: other communities, organizations, a
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .
Page 13 and 14: 8.3 Sustainable Development and Gov
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
Page 17 and 18: Figure 10.3. Management Areas propo
Page 19: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PLAN AUTHORSHIP
Page 22 and 23: working with interested teacher and
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.3. Perceived importance of
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Watershed Plan Focus The primar
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2.2. Detail of the south-cen
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2.4. Physiographic provinces
Page 32 and 33: westward. Although the paucity of f
Page 34 and 35: via the Erigan River, a major river
Page 36 and 37: Warren and Whittlesey can be found
Page 38 and 39: evised paleoenvironmental picture,
Page 40 and 41: characteristic ground stone tools,
Page 42 and 43: phase represent the most common Lat
Page 44 and 45: including flexed and extended inhum
Page 46 and 47: with the appearance of European tra
Page 50 and 51: of $800 for the purchase of The Tri
Page 52 and 53: In addition to these townships, the
Page 54 and 55: Pittsburgh Railroad had reached New
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3.3. Density of registered a
Page 58: the Whittlesey and Warren III stran
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.3. Properties in the Study
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 67 and 68: "Little Ice Age"), and the validity
Page 69 and 70: "massasaugies" (Eastern Massasauga
Page 71 and 72: eport (Col. John Fleeharty) lamente
Page 73 and 74: flowing streams. The starting point
Page 75 and 76: elow the park." Apparently the pump
Page 77 and 78: A submerged arching sand feature is
Page 79 and 80: of the lake plain and upland areas
Page 81 and 82: characteristics, and are important
Page 83 and 84: Lake section (see Figure 2.4). Nota
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.2. Flow time series for Tw
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.4. Flow time series for Co
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.8. Flow per square mile pe
Page 91 and 92: area that have thicker glacial depo
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.4. Protected Water Uses for
Page 95 and 96: Stream Zone County 3—East Branch
Page 97 and 98: 5.10.2 Permitted Discharges The two
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 5.15. Graphical analyses of
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 5.17. Average summer nitrate
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 5.19. Mercury concentrations
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 5.20. Map showing locations
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 5.22. Number of stream miles
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91 Figure 5.24. Results of Campbell
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Table 5.6. Range in Number of E. co
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Figure 5.26. Maximum E. coli counts
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The recent investigation completed
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Figure 5.30. Sources of known nondo
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6 NATURAL RESOURCES 6.1 Animal Life
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Rank Status Taxon Common Name Globa
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Table 6.2. Pennsylvania Vertebrate
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Table 6.3. Noted Occurrence of Spaw
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Figure 6.4. Water quality designati
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Figure 6.6. Fishing hours spent on
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 6.7. Comparative analysis of
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 6.9. Percentage breakdown of
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A small number of the birds listed
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phytoplankton by Dreissena allows l
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populations increase. Corbicula flu
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Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
Page 145 and 146:
Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
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Two other forest wetland plant comm
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6.2.4 Emergent Wetlands Over half o
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alleghaniensis), sugar maple, red m
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Table 6.6.Percentage Composition of
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 6.18. Detail of the largest
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Figure 7.1. Responses made by study
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 7.3. Spatial distribution of
Page 161 and 162:
Presque Isle State Park is connecte
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Table 7.2. Number of Recreational O
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lakefront recreational properties,
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Map Id Subwatershed Comment 51 41.5
Page 169 and 170:
Bayfront Center for Maritime Studie
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Other watershed associations or wat
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Figure 8.1. Child poverty rates in
Page 175 and 176:
comprehensive vision or plan, have
Page 177 and 178:
and municipalities should be encour
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5. In order to sustain maximum biod
Page 181 and 182:
10 PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR AC
Page 183 and 184:
easements for riparian areas, and p
Page 185 and 186:
Table 10.2 Management Areas Defined
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Figure 10.2. Example of how GIS can
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Figure 10.4. Example of how GIS can
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Watershed Portion MAs Main Subwater
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Restoration actions Management Area
Page 195 and 196:
11 REFERENCES CITED Abrams, M. D. 2
Page 197 and 198:
Broyles, B. J. 1971 Second Prelimin
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Cooper, N. L., J. R. Bidwell, and D
Page 201 and 202:
Dzurko, Robert 1972 Conneaut Creek
Page 203 and 204:
Goodyear, A. C. 1999 The Early Holo
Page 205 and 206:
Jasim, S. Y., A. Irabelli, L. Schwe
Page 207 and 208:
Leighton, R. 2006 Pennsylvania Fish
Page 209 and 210:
Michaels, A. 2005 Pennsylvania Has
Page 211 and 212:
2007d Waterways, Wetlands, and Eros
Page 213 and 214:
Richardson, J. B., and J. B. Peters
Page 215 and 216:
Soon, W. and S. Baliunas 2003 Proxy
Page 217 and 218:
Tomikel and Shepps 1967 Trasande, L
Page 219:
Whitley, D. S., and R. I. Dorn 1993
Page 223 and 224:
Preparing For Watershed Conservatio
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Introduction (cont’d) In March of
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Executive Summary Overall, responde
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Executive Summary (cont’d) Cont
Page 231 and 232:
Summary Of Key Groups (cont’d) Ur
Page 233 and 234:
Please Indicate Whether You Agree,
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In Your Opinion, Is The Need For Im
Page 237 and 238:
If You Had To Choose Between Proper
Page 239 and 240:
Favorite Locations For Recreation I
Page 241 and 242:
Favorite Motor Boating Locations To
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Favorite Hiking Locations Location
Page 245 and 246:
Favorite Swimming Locations Total R
Page 247 and 248:
Knowledge Of Historic And Prehistor
Page 249:
Support For Stream Protection Measu
Page 253 and 254:
LERC Rivers Conservation Plan Publi
Page 255 and 256:
• Mason: As far as education, get
Page 257:
• Kloss: Educate people about Act
Page 261 and 262:
Great Lakes Commission http://www.g
Page 263:
Center for Economic and Environment
Page 267 and 268:
The Erie County portion of the Penn
Page 269 and 270:
Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
Page 271 and 272:
Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
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