Watershed Conservation Plan - Destination Erie

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via the Erigan River, a major river system that flowed east through the present-day Lake Erie and Lake Ontario basins and the St. Lawrence Lowlands. At this time, however, Lake Erie did not exist and the Allegheny-Ohio River system had not assumed its present form. Instead, as Tomikel and Shepps (1967) note, northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio were drained by three discrete "Allegheny" systems (Figure 2.6) that flowed north through New York, Pennsylvania, and northern Ohio, unlike the Allegheny system's present-day southward flow. The northernmost of these systems is the only one of these systems that is thought to have traversed the study area, specifically in the general vicinity of Elk and Conneaut Creeks. The catchment area of this ancient river was much larger than that of those present-day creeks, and ca. 18,000 B.P. it probably extended well to south—perhaps as far as northern Butler County, some 125 km (77.5 mi) south of present-day Lake Erie's southern shore. The ancient stream corresponding to present-day French Creek drained southward into the ancient "Middle" Allegheny River, which in turn flowed south (past present-day Oil City and Franklin) until turning northwest in the vicinity of Meadville. From there it flowed to northwest into the Erie basin in the vicinity of present-day northeastern Ohio. The deep valley that carried this stream has been partly or completely obliterated by glacial filling [Tomikel and Shepps 1967:48–50]. As successive ice lobes crossed northwestern Pennsylvania, the existing valleys like those described above were either nearly or completely filled with sediments, effectively obliterating the pre-glacial drainage network. As the ice lobes reached their maximum southern extent and began to melt, large quantities of water were produced, filling the valleys in front of the ablating ice sheets and creating a major south-draining river system. As the edge of the ice receded, there formed in front of the ice a lake whose water levels were controlled by the elevation of outlets where available. The recession of the glacial ice into the Erie Basin formed a large lake, named ancestral Lake Erie, that drained westward through an outlet down the Wabash River. With the continuing eastward and northward retreat of the ice, successive lower outlets were created and the sudden opening of new outlets caused ancestral Lake Erie to rapidly fall to new levels. As a result, a series of strand lines or beach ridges developed around the margin of the lake, with the older beach ridges occupying a higher topographic position. The successively older lakes in the Erie Basin that may have existed in Erie County are listed in Table 2.2 from youngest to oldest, with the approximate height of their surface tread (Tomikel and Shepps 1967:50–51). As noted by Calkin and Feenstra (1985) and Thomas et al. (1987), the Lake Erie basin Figure 2.6. Schematic configuration of the three discrete "Allegheny" systems that flowed north through New York, Pennsylvania, Northwestern West Virginia, and northeastern Ohio: (1) upper, (2) middle, and (3) lower (adapted from Tomikel and Shepps 1976:Figure 34). 14 has been occupied by a series of major proglacial ice- or moraine-dammed lakes and non-glacial lower-level lake phases since late Wisconsinan times. These lakes and lake phases, which formed as the Ontario-Erie ice lobe retreated and subsequently moved in response to
Table 2.2. Ancient Lakes in the Lake Erie Basin and the Approximate Height of Their Surface Tread, from Oldest to Youngest Lake Phase Surface Elevation a Associated 14 C Dates Maumee Maumee I 243. 8 m (800 ft) 14,500 ±150 B.P. (minimum) Maumee II 237.7 m (780 ft) – Maumee III 231.6 m (760 ft) 13,700 ± 220 B.P. Arkona Highest Middle Lowest 216.4 m (710 ft) 213.3 m (700 ft) 211.8 m (695 ft) , * / * - 13,600 ± 500 B.P. Ypsilanti – 206.3–91.4 m (677–300 ft) 13,600 ± 440 – 12,600 ± 440 B.P. Whittlesey – 225.5 m (740 ft) ca. 13,000 B.P. (mean, maximum) Warren Warren I Warren II Warren III 208.8 m (685 ft) 205.8 m (675 ft) 204.2 m (670 ft) , * / * - 13,050–12,000 B.P. Grassmere – 195.1 m (640 ft) – Lundy – 189 m (620 ft) – Early Lake Erie – 173.7 m (570 ft) 12,650 ± 170 – 12,080 ± 300 B.P. Source: Thomas et al. (1987:9–15), abstracted from Calkin and Feenstra (1985). Note: a, Elevations listed relative to present-day elevations above mean sea level (msl). the glacier's re-advancements (Thomas et al. 1987:8–9), have been named (from oldest to youngest [see table 1.1]): Lakes Maumee I (earliest), II, and III; Lake Arkona; Lake Ypsilantli; Lake Whittlesey; Lakes Warren I, II, and III; Early Lake Erie; and present-day Lake Erie (latest). Only the most recent of these lakes—Lake Whittlesey and Lakes Warren I, II and III—are discussed below. Lake Whittlesey was formed during a re-advance of the Ontario-Erie Lobe from the Ontario basin across the Niagara Escarpment and into the northeasternmost part of the Lake Erie basin. This re-established the basin's westward drainage through a spillway at Ubley, Michigan, to Lake Saginaw, which in turn drained through the Grand River valley to Lake Chicago in the Lake Michigan basin. The farthest extent of the readvance of the ice into the Erie basin is marked by the Hamburg Moraine near Buffalo, New York, where proglacial Lake Whittlesey stabilized against at the elevation of 225 m (740 ft ) above msl. Lake Whittlesey's deposits have been radiocarbon dated to as early as 13,000 B.P. The earliest of the Lake Warren stages formed as high discharges into lake Saginaw and Lake Whittlesey produced downcutting of the western drainage channel, resulting in the lowering of Lake Whittlesey (225 m [740 ft] above msl) to the highest Lake Warren level (210 m [685 ft] [208.8 m] above msl). Due either to continued downcutting or the eastward retreat of the ice margin, Warren I formed at 210 m (685 ft) above msl, Warren II at 205 m (675 ft) above msl, and Warren III at 204 m (670 ft) above msl. These Lake Warren phases were the last and most extensive of the major glacial lakes to occupy the Lake Erie basin, with radiocarbon dates ranging from 13,050 B.P. (on wood underlying Warren I deposits) to 12,000 B.P. (on organic material believed to be post-Warren [Thomas et al. 1987:12–14]). Evidence for the existence of Lakes 15
Page 1: Pennsylvania Rivers Conservation Pr
Page 4 and 5: land to development. Strong communi
Page 6 and 7: Human resources available to facili
Page 8 and 9: other communities, organizations, a
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .
Page 13 and 14: 8.3 Sustainable Development and Gov
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
Page 17 and 18: Figure 10.3. Management Areas propo
Page 19: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PLAN AUTHORSHIP
Page 22 and 23: working with interested teacher and
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.3. Perceived importance of
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Watershed Plan Focus The primar
Page 28 and 29: Figure 2.2. Detail of the south-cen
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2.4. Physiographic provinces
Page 32 and 33: westward. Although the paucity of f
Page 36 and 37: Warren and Whittlesey can be found
Page 38 and 39: evised paleoenvironmental picture,
Page 40 and 41: characteristic ground stone tools,
Page 42 and 43: phase represent the most common Lat
Page 44 and 45: including flexed and extended inhum
Page 46 and 47: with the appearance of European tra
Page 48 and 49: The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania wa
Page 50 and 51: of $800 for the purchase of The Tri
Page 52 and 53: In addition to these townships, the
Page 54 and 55: Pittsburgh Railroad had reached New
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3.3. Density of registered a
Page 58: the Whittlesey and Warren III stran
Page 61 and 62: Table 3.3. Properties in the Study
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.3—continued Name Address
Page 67 and 68: "Little Ice Age"), and the validity
Page 69 and 70: "massasaugies" (Eastern Massasauga
Page 71 and 72: eport (Col. John Fleeharty) lamente
Page 73 and 74: flowing streams. The starting point
Page 75 and 76: elow the park." Apparently the pump
Page 77 and 78: A submerged arching sand feature is
Page 79 and 80: of the lake plain and upland areas
Page 81 and 82: characteristics, and are important
Page 83 and 84: Lake section (see Figure 2.4). Nota
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Figure 5.2. Flow time series for Tw
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Figure 5.4. Flow time series for Co
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Figure 5.8. Flow per square mile pe
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area that have thicker glacial depo
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Table 5.4. Protected Water Uses for
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Stream Zone County 3—East Branch
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5.10.2 Permitted Discharges The two
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Figure 5.14. Average summer phospho
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Figure 5.15. Graphical analyses of
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Figure 5.17. Average summer nitrate
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Figure 5.19. Mercury concentrations
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Figure 5.20. Map showing locations
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Figure 5.22. Number of stream miles
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91 Figure 5.24. Results of Campbell
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Table 5.6. Range in Number of E. co
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Figure 5.26. Maximum E. coli counts
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The recent investigation completed
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Figure 5.30. Sources of known nondo
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6 NATURAL RESOURCES 6.1 Animal Life
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Rank Status Taxon Common Name Globa
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Table 6.2. Pennsylvania Vertebrate
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Table 6.3. Noted Occurrence of Spaw
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Figure 6.4. Water quality designati
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Figure 6.6. Fishing hours spent on
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Figure 6.7. Comparative analysis of
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Figure 6.9. Percentage breakdown of
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A small number of the birds listed
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phytoplankton by Dreissena allows l
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populations increase. Corbicula flu
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Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
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Rank Status Taxon Common name Globa
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Two other forest wetland plant comm
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6.2.4 Emergent Wetlands Over half o
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alleghaniensis), sugar maple, red m
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Table 6.6.Percentage Composition of
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Figure 6.18. Detail of the largest
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Figure 7.1. Responses made by study
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Figure 7.3. Spatial distribution of
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Presque Isle State Park is connecte
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Table 7.2. Number of Recreational O
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lakefront recreational properties,
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Map Id Subwatershed Comment 51 41.5
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Bayfront Center for Maritime Studie
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Other watershed associations or wat
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Figure 8.1. Child poverty rates in
Page 175 and 176:
comprehensive vision or plan, have
Page 177 and 178:
and municipalities should be encour
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5. In order to sustain maximum biod
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10 PRIORITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR AC
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easements for riparian areas, and p
Page 185 and 186:
Table 10.2 Management Areas Defined
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Figure 10.2. Example of how GIS can
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Figure 10.4. Example of how GIS can
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Watershed Portion MAs Main Subwater
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Restoration actions Management Area
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11 REFERENCES CITED Abrams, M. D. 2
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Broyles, B. J. 1971 Second Prelimin
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Cooper, N. L., J. R. Bidwell, and D
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Dzurko, Robert 1972 Conneaut Creek
Page 203 and 204:
Goodyear, A. C. 1999 The Early Holo
Page 205 and 206:
Jasim, S. Y., A. Irabelli, L. Schwe
Page 207 and 208:
Leighton, R. 2006 Pennsylvania Fish
Page 209 and 210:
Michaels, A. 2005 Pennsylvania Has
Page 211 and 212:
2007d Waterways, Wetlands, and Eros
Page 213 and 214:
Richardson, J. B., and J. B. Peters
Page 215 and 216:
Soon, W. and S. Baliunas 2003 Proxy
Page 217 and 218:
Tomikel and Shepps 1967 Trasande, L
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Whitley, D. S., and R. I. Dorn 1993
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Preparing For Watershed Conservatio
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Introduction (cont’d) In March of
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Executive Summary Overall, responde
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Executive Summary (cont’d) Cont
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Summary Of Key Groups (cont’d) Ur
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Please Indicate Whether You Agree,
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In Your Opinion, Is The Need For Im
Page 237 and 238:
If You Had To Choose Between Proper
Page 239 and 240:
Favorite Locations For Recreation I
Page 241 and 242:
Favorite Motor Boating Locations To
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Favorite Hiking Locations Location
Page 245 and 246:
Favorite Swimming Locations Total R
Page 247 and 248:
Knowledge Of Historic And Prehistor
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Support For Stream Protection Measu
Page 253 and 254:
LERC Rivers Conservation Plan Publi
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• Mason: As far as education, get
Page 257:
• Kloss: Educate people about Act
Page 261 and 262:
Great Lakes Commission http://www.g
Page 263:
Center for Economic and Environment
Page 267 and 268:
The Erie County portion of the Penn
Page 269 and 270:
Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
Page 271 and 272:
Feature Parameters Parameter Variab
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Watershed Conservation Plan - Destination Erie

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